Topic 11 + 12
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What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific interactions?
Interspecific is between species, intraspecific is within a species
What are the two types of competition (which can be inter and intra specific)?
Resource competition (resource is limited supply) Interference competition (damage to other individuals)
Define niche overlap
The set of resources a species consumes is the same as another set of resources another species consumes
What is the difference between the fundamental niche vs realized niche?
The fundamental niche is the ideal conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce, while the realized niche is the actual conditions in which a species lives
What happens to realized niches with the introduction of a competitor?
It gets smaller
What is the difference between the altitude upper and lower limit of barnacle populations according to the Connell study?
The upper limit is composed of barnacles drying out The lower limit is composed of biotic factors such as competition
What theory states that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely?
The theory of limiting similarity
What is competitive exclusion?
If two organisms have too much niche overlap, one will go extinct through this mechanism
What is the formula for logistic population growth?
dN/dt = rN(1-N/K)
What is the formula for logistic population growth with respect to a competitor n2?
dN1/dt = R1N1 [(K1-N1 - alpha12N2)/k1]
What does alpha12 describe?
The effect of an individual of species 2 on species 1
What are the 2 effects of competitors on a population?
• Slow population growth • Reduce maximum population size
What is the formula to find the number of a population with competition?
N1 = K1 = alpha 12*n2
At equilibrium, how can we describe the slopes of competing populations?
The slopes of both are equal to 0
What is the logistic population growth graph combined with competition based off other individuals called?
The Lotka-Volterra chart
What does Tillman suggest the most successful competitor is able to do?
They are able to reduce the availability of a limiting to a lower lever, (r*)
What does Tillman say about the R* of the more effective competitor?
It is lower
What happens in a Tillman graph when one resource has a higher r* for one species and the other resource has a higher r* for the other species?
They may coexist, or exclude the other?
What can we say about the trajectory of r* values on coexisting species Tillman graphs?
Resource amounts converge to the intersect of the two lines
What does the Tillman graph populations depend on?
Where resources start
Define niche partitioning
When individuals use an environment in different ways than they can, partitioning between competitors
What can niche partitioning lead to?
Character displacement (separation populations into different niche through evolutionary change in the same environment)
What is are the 6 types of competition according to Schoener?
• Consumptive (food) • Preemptive (space) • Overgrowth (growing over) • Chemical - allelopathy • Territorial -territory • Encounter - I interaction