PA children 7-12

BMI - also comp/ lean mass Bone health - particularly girls Cardiometabolic health (cholesterol, metabolic syndrome) Obesity Fitness, Motor control/ perf/ literacy Depression Asthma Injury Academic performance Grades Indicators e.g. Memory Strongest for cardiometabolic health, mental health, fitness and bone health

Valid measure of SB used -cut points valid for children/adolescents Covariates such as MVPA included in analysis Representative sampling/ random selection Adequate % with complete data?

More than 2 hr a day unfavorable: • body comp • decreased self esteem • pro social behaviour • academic achievement in school aged children

Mostly self report/ proxy report

Basic mental process we use in everyday life - Attention -Memory (working and longer term) -Executive fuinction - (cognitive control) Also percepton from various senses

Event -stimulus ID -Response selection - Response programming Repsonse Cognitive processes jointly measured by reaction time

D2 test of attention Phyiological studies e.g. EEG Activity/ cognition higher after walking than sedentary

Fitness, Single bouts of PA, particip[ation in an intervention benefit cognitive function Depends on constructs measured Caution as little experimental evidence

Not much explaination why? Physiological mech INCREASED BF and perfusion - MRI etc Socialsation in sport - decisions etc. Exposure - PA, sport, fitness (hard to unpick independent relationships) Combined impact cognitive, pyscho-socail (ability to work in groups, support etc) and improved school engagement leading to improved education achievement. Mixed evidence for each.

PE, recess, classroom and extracurricular PA • Of all the associaXons examined, 50.5% were posi;ve, 48% not significant, and 1.5% were negative. Second review by Singh Strong evidence of a significant positive relationship between PA and academic performance later. Mostly from observational studies - more PA is related to improved academic from high quality evidence.

Standardised tests vs subjective grades

Active breaks/ lessons benefit 8/9 studies

Integration of movement into teaching of academic content Longer duration Across the curriculum

depends on constructs studies

Single bouts can benefit cog function in children, daily PA and cognition is equivocal (ambiguous)

After 2 years - 4 months learning gains in stardised test scores from maths and spelling PAL (x3 a week)

Objective PA and Self reported sed behaviour e.g. Screen and non screen activities and GCSE results from national records. Prospective 845 adolescents. 1 hr screen time at 14.5y associated with 2 fewer GCSE grades Still assoc after adjustment for PA and other SB Inverse u shaped relationship between non screen sedentary behaviour and academic perf with association peaking at 4h/day

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Anxiety Mental well-being Depression Cognitive functioning Educational performance i.e. Academic achievement

Is objectively measure total SB assoc with adverse health/development outcomes Patterns of SB assoc ^? Are associations independent of MVPA? What moderators of the association e.g. Age group or risk of bias?

No association with Adiposity (despite 11 with sig pos association) No association with Cardio-metabolic outcomes (8/29 at keast ibe sig outcome) Stat sig meta analysis between sedentary time and 5 studies with glucose/insulin. Weak positive association (r=0.07). ROB and MVPA were sig moderators however Publication bias No association with health related fitness Inconsistent/uncertain association with bone and musculoskeletal outcomes ROB in all studies regarding psychosocial outcomes No association (inconsistent/uncertain for 1/4 which was low ROB) Inconsistent/ uncertain gross motor function - few studies (3) Inconsitent/ uncertain for cognitive outcomes - few studies (3)

Limited evidence that total ST is associated with health and development in children and yound people, particularly when accounting for ROB and MVPA

However small number of subdies that adjusted for MVPA, bone and MSK, psychosocial development, gross motor skills and cognitiive outcomes. Small number of studies that examines associations for patterns of ST

Screen based SB time studies Evidence inadults which indicated overall ST and patterns are adversely associated with health outcomes