4.1.1.3 Cell Specialisation
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What are sperm cells specialised for?
• reproduction
What is the function of a sperm?
• to get the male DNA to the female DNA (egg cell - ovum)
How are sperm cells adapted to do their function?
• long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg • a lot of mitochondria (where respiration happens) in the cell to provide energy needed • carries enzymes in its acrosome (top of head) to digest through egg cell membrane
What are nerve cells specialised for?
• rapid signalling
What is the function of a nerve cell?
• to transmit electrical signals from one part of the body to another
How are nerve cells adapted to do their function?
• axon is long to cover more distance • have dendrites (branched connections) at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
What are muscle cells specialised for?
• contraction
What is the function of a muscle cell?
• to contract quickly to move bones or movement
How are muscle cells adapted to do their function?
• long so that they have space to contract • contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy needed for contraction • special proteins (myosin and actin) slide over each other which causes the muscle to contract • store glycogen (used in respiration) in mitochondria
What are root hair cells specialised for?
• absorbing water (via osmosis) and minerals (via active transport)
Where are root hair cells located?
• tips of roots
How are root hair cells adapted to do their function?
• large surface area due to root hairs so more water can move in • large permanent vacuole affects speed of movement of water from soil to cell • mitochondria provide energy from respiration for the active transport of minerals into the root hair cell
What are xylem cells specialised for?
• to transport water and minerals into ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots
How are xylem cells adapted to do their function?
• lignin is deposited which causes the cells to die, they become hollow and are joined end-to-end from a continuous tube so water and minerals into ions can move through • lignin is deposited in spirals which helps the cells withstand the pressure from water movement
What are phloem cells specialised for?
• carry the products of photosynthesis to all parts of the plant
How are phloem cells adapted to do their function?
• cell walls of each cell form sieve plants when they break down, allowing the movement of substances from cell to cell • despite losing many sub-cellular structures, energy needed to supply to keep cells alive is supplied by mitochondria of companion cells