Ch.14 "Psychological Disorders"
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Medical model:
the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
Diagnosis:
seeking to determine the nature of the patient’s mental disease by assessing symptoms
Symptoms:
behaviors, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying abnormal syndrome.
Syndrome:
a coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition, text revision) “DSM-IV-TR”:
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
To classify as a disorder, its symptoms must:
involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions be associated with significant personal distress or impairment stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)
Psychological disorders exist along a continuum from normal to abnormal without:
a bright line of separation
Comorbidity:
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
Etiology:
a specific pattern of causes for different psychological disorders.
Prognosis:
a typical course over time and susceptibility of treatment and cure
An integrated perspective for understanding most psychological disorders includes what factors?
biological, psychological, and environmental
Diathesis-stress model:
a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.
Intervention-causation fallacy:
the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem.
People seldom seek help for diagnosable psychological disorders because:
they will be treated differently; labeled
Situation-related anxiety is:
normal and can be adaptive
Anxiety disorder:
the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):
chronic excessive worry is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance; biological and psychological factors
Concordance rate:
the percentage of pairs that share a characteristic
Phobic disorders:
characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.
Specific phobia:
an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
Five categories of specific phobias:
animals natural environments situations blood, injections, injury others
Social phobia:
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
Preparedness theory:
people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.
Panic disorder:
the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror