Terms Chapter 2
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Atomic Mass
Number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom
Atom*
Smallest particle of an element
Chemical Change
A process by which a substance is changed into a different substance by changing its chemical composition
Chemical Energy
Energy produced or absorbed in a chemical reaction
Combustion
Burning to produce heat or work
Conservation of Matter*
the principle that during an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable increase or decrease in the quantity of matter; i.e., mass cannot be created or destroyed.
Electricity
a fundamental form of energy, consisting of oppositely charged electrons and protons that produce light, heat, magnetic force, and chemical changes
Electromagnetic Radiation
Different frequencies of radiation (UV, infrared, gamma, etc.)
Electron
a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity found in atoms.
Element
substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical means.
Energy*
anything that has the ability to do work
Entropy*
a measure of the disorder or randomness of a closed system; more entropy means less energy is available for doing work. The total entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease when the system undergoes a change; it can remain constant for reversible processes, and will increase for irreversible ones.
First Law of Thermodynamics*
the total energy of an isolated system remains constant
Nuclear Fission*
the division of a nucleus into two or more parts with masses of equal order of magnitude
Fuel
any material that involves energy in a nuclear reaction.
Nuclear Fusion*
a reaction between two light nuclei resulting in the production of a nuclear species heavier
Half-life
the length of time during which, on the average, half of a large number of radioactive nuclides decay
Heat
amount of energy travelled from one body to another based on temperature differences
Heat of fusion
the heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature.
Heat of vaporization
the heat required per unit mass to change a substance from a liquid to a vapor at its boiling point.
Isotope
a radioactive form of an element
Kinetic Energy
amount of work that an object can do as a result of motion
Mechanical Energy
sum of kinetic and potential energy of an object