3.2
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Which enzyme performs the following event: Conversion of [REDACTED] to glutamate ketoglutarate glutamine
A ketoglutarate to glutamate: glutamate dehydrogenase Glutamine to glutamate: glutaminase
The transamination system is responsible for the generation of a large number of amino acids. This involves the creation of an amino acid from a keto acid. Typically, where does the nitrogen come from [REDACTED]? to form the new amino acid?
glutamate donates a-amino group
What is the consequence of Bax/[REDACTED] dimerization? 5
-Permeabilisize the mitochondrial membrane -Loss of voltage in mitochondria -Cytochrome c released -Intrinsic Apoptosis pathway activated -Leads to formation of apoptosome
What is the primary purpose of apoptosis in [REDACTED] organisms? eukaryotic developing
euk - remove unnecessary or damaged cells to maintain homeostasis dev - Major architectural sculpting
Which of the following can be activated by Caspase-[REDACTED]? (Select all that apply) Caspase-8 Caspase-9
Caspase-8: Caspase-3 Caspase-9: Caspase-3
Which of the following [REDACTED] inhibit[REDACTED]apoptosis? Which of the following will slow or inhibit apoptosis? (probably be [protein] and [/slow]) 3
XIAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl,
Why do apoptotic cells present phosphotidyl serine on the cell surface?
signal recognition and clearance by phagocytes. “Eat me” signal to remove dying cells.
A technician examining apoptotic cells notes [REDACTED]. The technician states this is indicative of intrinsic apoptosis. What error, if any, has the technician made? describe what are extrinsic (5) and intrinsic (4) and both (2) characteristics
Extrinsic: GF withdrawal, TNF a activation, Death receptor activation, formation of DISC, caspase 8 activation Intrinsic: activation of p53, accumulation of BAD BAX, apoptosome formation, caspase 9 activation, BOTH: destruction of PARP, caspase 3 activation
From the statement below select if either, neither, or both are false: (1) The [REDACTED]trinsic mechanisms of apoptosis initiates from [REDACTED] events; (2) this means that [REDACTED] to the genome initiates the [REDACTED]trinsic mode of apoptosis. extrinsic apoptosis initiation - 2 intrinsic apoptosis initiation - 3
Extrinsic: any membrane receptor mediated event OR interactions with plasma membrane receptors Intrinsic: accumulation of P53, DNA damage, anything that starts off inside the cell (no outside signal)
Formation of [REDACTED] activates with Caspase first? apoptosomes DISC
Caspase 9 caspase 8
As a cancer evolves which of the following is likely to be [REDACTED]-expressed (meaning that [REDACTED] of the protein is present than in a normal human cell). overexpressed underexpressed
Overexpressed: Bacl2, Bcl-XL If it is underexpressed or less of the protein is present than in a normal cell I would assume it is BAD,BAX, BAK, or P53 (those will just make the cell go into apoptosis).