Chapter 13
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What are the importance of forests?
Resources Ecosystem services
What are the forest resources?
Timber Fibres Fuel Food Medicines
What are the ecosystem services?
Atmospheric regulation Regulation of the hydrological cycle Forest Microclimate Habitat and wildlife refuge Soil conservation Recreation/amenity uses
What are the factors that species may have to adapt to in forest microclimates?
Light Wind Velocity Humidity
How can soil conservation be aided?
Dead vegetation contributes to humus and nutrients Trees help prevent soil erosion Trees and leaf litter reduce wind erosion Humus helps to bind soil Organic matter increases organisms
What are the 3 tree management techniques?
Standard Trees Coppicing Pollarding
What are the management methods of forests?
Cultivation of non-indigenous species Single-species plantations Close planting Simple age structure
What causes forest loss?
Agriculture Mineral extraction Reservoirs Urbanisation Transport infrastructure
What are the unsustainable exploitation?
Timber resources Fuel Livestock fodder
What are the effects of deforestation?
Loss of forest resources Ecological impacts Changes to hydrology Impact on soil Climate impacts
What are features of sustainably managed forests?
Harvesting rates Mixed species plantations Indigenous species Mixed age structure Selective logging