HMP

PPP 6- phophogluconate pathway

Cell : cytosol Organ : in liver , mammary glands and adipose tissue which needs NADPH FOR FAT synthesis and testes , ovaries and placenta and adrenal cortex which needs NADPH FOR steroid hormones specifically

NADPH production Ribose 5 phosphate production for necliotide synthesis The function represents a link between carb , lipogensis and necliotide synthesis

1- irreversible oxidative reactions 2- non reversible non oxidative reactions

B glucose 6 phosphate Rate limiting ~> G6PD- transketolase - transaldolase H2o is used Co2 is out 2 NADPH ARE PRODUCED Some cells that carry out reductive biosynthesis reactions need NADPH more than ribose 5 phosphate so in this case transketolase and transaldolase converts ribulose 5 phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and glucose 6 phosphate which are intermediates for glycolysis In contrast, some cells need ribose 5 phosphate for nucleotide synthesis more than NADPH so in this case the nonoxidative reactions can provide synthesis of ribose 5 phosphate from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and glucose 6 phosphate , in abscence of oxidative steps

1- biosynthesis ( eg lipid ) 2- maintenance of reduced glutathione in rbcs to protect it from reactive o2 species 3- bacteriocidal activaty in polymorphonuclear leukocyte through NADPH oxidase that produces H2O2 that kill bacteria

O2 spontaneously can convert to H2O2 due oxidant stress eg drugs or fava beans or infections , and if it accumulates it causes hemolyisis and Hb denaturation to heinz bodies , glutathione peroxidase get rid of this structure by converting it to H2O and become oxidized , glutathione reductase by the help of NADPH as h2 source reduces the oxidized glutathione

1- G6PDD 2- X linked recessive disease 3- thus it is more common in men 4- symptoms: acute episodic ( common ) or chronic hemolysis ( rare) 5-Female heterogeneous for G6PDD is resistant to malaria 6-mechanism of hemolysis : The o2 spontaneously can convert to h2o2 that can damage protein and lipid in cell ( Hb denaturation to heinz bodies ) and weakening the lipid membrane causing hemolysis , this process is accelerated by some drugs , fava beans and infections like pneumonia and infectious hepatitis