Resit -gastrointestinal Infections

Disease in the absence of colonisation

Clostridium botulinum

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.Oxygen is toxic to them

-gram positive with a motile rod -obligate anaerobe -sub terminal spores which produce botulin toxin in low oxygen environments

Formed near the end of bacterial cell but not exactly at the tip( would be terminal )

Toxin ingested via consumption of contaminated food Toxin enters the blood

Spores ingested Colonisation of GI tract Toxin enters the blood

Contamination of wound with spores Toxin enters blood

Blurred vision ,drooping of eyelids,difficulty speaking Diarrhea and vomitting may occur Progress to paralysis

Proper food preparation (heating to more than 85 degrees for longer than 5min) Children under 12 months not being fed honey

Administration of antitoxin Antibiotics for wound botulism

1 toxin binds to nerve endings specifically to receptors on the presynanaptic nerve terminals of motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction 2 internalization of the toxin into the nerve terminal by endocytosis 3 the release of neurotransmitter is blocked. Once inside, the toxin closes specific proteins that are essential for fusion if neuro transmitter vesicles with the nerve membrane. This prevents the release of acetylcholine which results in muscle paralysis

Over active bladder Beauty industry as Botox