Week 15: Diabetes Mellitus
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What is it?
A condition where there is inadequate insulin for carbohydrate metabolism, therefore glucose from the GI tract cannot be metabolised or stored, so reaches higher than normal levels
What is insulin and where is it produced?
A hormone that is produced by the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
What is insulin used for?
Required for sugar to enter most cells, and regulates blood glucose within a normal range
How does insulin work?
Forces many cells of the body to absorb and use glucose thereby decreasing blood sugar levels
When is insulin secreted?
In response to high blood glucose
When is insulin secretion inhibitied?
By low blood glucose
What part of the body does not require insulin to use sugar?
The brain
What is the purpose of glucagon?
Assist insulin in regulating blood glucose in the normal range
How does glucagon work?
Forces many cells of the body to release glucose to increase blood glucose
When is glucagon secreted?
In response to low blood glucose
When is glucagon secretion inhibited?
By high blood sugar
What is glucose needed for?
Required for fuel as cellular metabolism, the brain also needs glucose
Where is the pancreas located?
In the retroperitoneal space
What does the pancreas produce?
• digestive enzymes into duodenum • insulin, glucagon into the blood
When is a person considered hypoglycaemic?
non diabetic- <3.3mmol/L diabetic - <4.0mmol/L
What is diabetes insipidus?
A rare form of diabetes where there is inadequate amounts of anti-diuretic hormones (ADH)
What are the main symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
• producing large amounts of urine urine, especially at night (polyuria) • feeling thirsty (polydipsia)
What is diabetes mellitus?
A metabolic disease characterised by inadequate or absent insulin production
What is type 1 diabetes?
The destruction of islet cells within the pancreas, occurring manly in children and young adults, having a sudden onset
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
Unknown, but considered it could be hereditary
What are symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
• polyphagia • polydipsia • blurry vision • polyuria • weight loss
What is type 2 diabetes?
The most common form of diabetes, blood insulin levels are higher than normal but insulin receptors have become insensitive to it, overall pt produces low levels of insulin
What is the cause of diabetes?
Unknown, but common in obese patients, women over 75 and men over 65
How is type 2 diabetes controlled?
Via oral or diet controlled