Environmental Science Test on Geology Grade 9

(of the underworld) 4.6-4.0 billion years ago: Jan 1 - Feb 17 Hades - Ancient Greek God of the Underworld.

(Ancient Beginning) 4.0-2.5 billion years ago: Feb 18 - June 16 Single-celled: prokaryotes (no membrane bound organelles - Bacteria and Archaea) - the formation of the oxygen layer

Living Fossils - living organisms and has not changed much from ancient times.

A sedimentary rock layer Tells us period that were oxygen rich and oxygen poor. The darker the color the more oxidized the rock is. Each layer several is hundreds of millions years.

(Early Life) 2.5 billion - 542 million years ago: June 17 - Nov 18 Endosymbiotic Theory 1) Bacteria separate from Archaea 2) Bacteria engulfs archaea 3) Becomes eukaryotic cell

(Visible Life) 542 million years ago - Today: Nov 19 - Dec 31 “Cambrian Explosion” (Biodiversity)

Ordovician - Silurian Mass Extinction 445-440 million years ago 86% all species were lost because all the plants. -hypoxia, too much oxygen everything suffocated and died. - after extinction we get plants on land (before everything was in water)

375-359 Million years ago: Dec 4 Too much oxygen possibly from explansion of plants, two theories, but plants did it, or too much CO2 from volcanism.

(The great dying) 252 million years ago: Dec 12 Killed 96% of all life because too much volcanic eruption, the atmosphere of earth was inhabitable, lower sea levels and warming of earth’s climate.

198 million years ago: Dec 17 80% of all life was killed due to volcanism, too much C02, ocean acidification.

66 million years ago: Dec 27 One asteroid of multiple killed 60% of life on earth (asteroid causes a chain reaction, like tsunamis)

66 million years ago - present : Dec 28-31

Catastrophism (1600s) Geological events happen suddenly

Uniformitarianism (By James Hutton) Geological events tend to happen slowly over long periods of time.

Fish, amphibians (transitional), reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals, bird

Solid Mixture of minerals May be organic

Naturally formed of elements or compounds. Inorganic solid. Have crystals. Not made of rocks . Has definite chemical makeup.

How they are formed Each type of rock is defined by: Composition: what minerals the rock is made of. Texture: sizes, shapes and positions of grains in the rocks.

chemical composition

is determined by the kind of minerals and the amount of minerals that make it up.

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

All types of rocks can be changed into igneous rock by melting, cooling and crystalizing of any rock.

Formed when rocks are weathered and eroded, sediments compact and cement solid rock.

Organic: Fossilized remains of plants or animals. Clastic: Fragments of other rock are compacted together. Chemical: Sediments are “glued” together by dissolved minerals. Texture is determined by the size of the particle of sediment.