Oxidation-reduction

Reduces other species by losing electrons

Oxidizes other species by gaining electrons

Common oxidizing agents are __, __, __ and _____, which favor gaining an electron to have a full octet

Common reducing agents are __, __, __ and ___ __ which favor losing an electron to have a full octet

the total number of electrons that an atoms gains or loses electrons when a bond is formed

atoms in their ___ ___ have an oxidation number of zero. Oxidation numbers for atoms in ____ ___ are equal to their charge. __ is always assigned an oxidation number of -1, oxygen is often ___, and hydrogen is usually ___

__ ___ often have an oxidation number of +1, and ___ __ ____ often have an oxidation number of +2

Exceptions are, if oxygen is in a ___, (___), it’s oxidation number is -1. If oxygen is bonded to fluorine the oxidation number of oxygen is ____. If hydrogen is part of a __ ___, the oxidation number is ____

To balance the redox reaction under acidic conditions, each ___ reaction must be written and firstly all atoms must be balanced other than __ and ___. Then balance the number of oxygen atoms by adding the same number of __ molecules to the opposite side. Balance the hydrogen atoms by adding __ to the opposite side. Balance the charges by adding ____. Multiply the equations to make sure each half reaction has the same number of ___, then add them together and cancel common terms

In basic reactions the H+ must be balanced with ___ and then combined to create ____.

Electrochemical cells convert ___ energy to ___ energy or vice versa using __ __ and the movement of ___

Electrons always flow from the ___ to the ___

energy produced from chemical reactions from energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

energy produced from the flow of electrons

a cell that is spontaneous like a battery

a non spontaneous cell like a rechargeable battery

In a galvanic cell, due to a chemical reaction in the battery ____, the __ builds up an excess of ___. Then electrons flow from the __ to the ___ spontaneously through the wire to produce ___. This process converts __ energy to ___ energy

Galvanic cells have a delta G ___ 0, the electrons move from the anode (__) to the cathode (__), they turn __ energy to ___ energy, do not require an external __ ___, have oxidation at the __ and reduction at the ___, and have a Ecell __ 0

The salt bridge is a tube filled with __ ____. The anions from it flow towards the ____, which balances the increasing cations in the solution, and the ____ from the salt bridge flow to the ____ which balances the decreasing cations in the solution. As the reaction progresses the size of the ____ electrode increases, and the __ electrode decreases

Spontaneous redox reactions ___ electrons released by the anode, causing the battery to __ __ and not produce electricity

Electrolytic cells use a __ __ to force electrons to flow ___ in order to ensure the battery can be fully charged

In electrolytic cells, the delta g is __ 0, the electrons flow from the anode (__) to the cathode (__). ____ energy is converted to ____ energy, it requires an external __ __, oxidation is at the __, and reduction is at the ____, and the Ecell is __ 0

a porous barrier is a barrier that allows for the flow of __ and ___ charges like a salt bridge. The use of one is dependent on the design and not always ___

When a power source forces the nonspontaneous movement of electrons to the cathode