Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals

Open circulatory system • one or more hearts pump haemolymph through blood vessel into haemocoel • when heart contract, haemolymph flows out of heart into haemocoel • substances exchange between heamolymph and body cells occurs via difussion • when heart relax, heamolymph flows back to heart through ostium (tiny opening)

Closed single circulatory system • two chambers: atrium and ventricle • blood flow in one direction only • gill capillaries and systemic capillaries • when heart pump, blood flows out form heart ventricle to gill capillaries through artery • gases exchange occur in gill capillaries • oxygenated blood is transported to systemic capillaries through blood vessel • in systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuse from blood into tissues while carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood • deoxygenated blood is returned to heart atrium through vein

Closed double incomplete system • three chambers : 2 atria and a ventricle • blood flow in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation • deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood are mixed • deoxygenated blood from body transported into right atrium • oxygenated blood from lung and skin transported into left atrium through pulmonary vein • blood from both atria enter one ventricle • ventricle pump the blood through pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation

Closed double complete system • 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricle • blood flow in two directions: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation • deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is seperated • deoxygenated blood is transported through pulmonary artery into lungs for gaseous exchange • oxygenated blood in transported form lungs to left atrium through pulmonary vein • then flows into left ventricle • blood is pumped from heart ventricle to whole body through aorta • deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium through vena cava

• fibrinogen for blood clotting factor • albumin for blood osmotic pressure • globulin is type of antibody

• 55% plasma • 45% erythrocyte • > 1% leucocyte and platelets

fragment or scraps from cell cytoplasm - live less than 1 weeks

blood clotting factor

• elastic plasma membrane • biconcave shape to increase TSA/V • no nucleus to contain more haemoglobin • produced from bone marrow • live up to 120 days and destroyed in liver or lymph

• presence in erythrocyte • consist of iron atom • act as active site to bind with oxygen • form oxyhaemoglobin

• irregular shape • contain nucleus • x contain haemoglobin • produced in bone marrow • live less than 5 days

Granulocyte (BEN) • basophil • eosinophil • neutrophil Agranulocyte (MOLY) • monocyte • lymphocyte

monocyte

basophil - contain heparin to prevent blood clotting

• monocyte - neutrophil

• lymphocyte - produce antibodies and antitoxin

release enzyme fight with inflammation and allergy

SA - AV - bundle of HIS - branches of bundle of HIS - Purkinje fibres - apex of heart • sinoatrial node (SA) generate electrical impulse • impulse spread to both atria and contract simultaneously. • contraction of atria pump the blood into ventricles • electrical impulse reach the atrioventricular node (AV) and spread through bundle of HIS, branches of bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibres, up to apex of heart • electrical impulse spread from apex of heart to the whole wall of ventricles • ventricles contract and blood is pumped to lungs and body

• contraction of smooth muscles on the wall of venules and veins • contraction of skeletal muscle

• contraction of skeletal muscle presses and constricts the veins • causing the valves to open • blood flows toward heart • valve is then closed to prevent blood from flowing back to the foot

lub: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves dub: closing of semilunar valves

• minimise the blood loss from body • maintain the blood pressure • prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream through damaged blood vessel

prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin • coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors form thrombokinase • thrombokinase activate the prothrombin into thrombin by aiding of calcium ions and vitamin K • thrombin catalyst the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) • fibrin is a threadlike fibre that form a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocyte and close the wound to prevent blood lost

Haemophilia - lack of certain blood clotting factor Thrombosis • due to damage blood vessels • sluggish blood flow causing blood clotting factors to accumulate Embolism • embolus, blood clot that is being transported • blood flow will stop when embolus get stuck in tiny blood vessels