Water contamination

• food production • industry (energy) • domestic • recreation • habitat

presence of any substance other than water might include naturally occurring salts

unwanted, dangerous material that’s introduced into earths environment due to human activity. threatens human health and harms ecosystems

biological, organic, inorganic, physical

point source e.g. sewage pipe non point source e.g. land run off

pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, petrol, microorganisms, fertilisers, thermal from industry, radioactive waste and from human activity

on health, environment and economy. so many ways its hard to study and quantify

1.8million

naturally fond in crust and soils. natural sources - weathering of soils, rocks and volcanic eruptions anthropogenic sources - industrial waste, mining, corrosion of water pipes trace amounts can be good for us high levels lead to illness

heavy metal occurs naturally known carcinogen for humans can affect biodiversity

important for healthy growth of plants in fertilisers can be bad for humans - blue baby syndrome

eutrophication algal bloom harmful to humans and animals if drink or swim in it impacts can move up food chain

2.2 million

• recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in sea=higher risk of gut colonisation by antibiotic resistant bacteria • ruin aesthetics of envt and lead to beach closure • eutrophication • algal blooms • illness outbreaks

standardised and validated methods are needed to compare across sites and time how often? do they correlate?

• population is growing • demand for freshwater will be /3 greater • increased demand for food • changed in land use • changing climate and hydrology • plastics • antibiotic resistance • new chemicals

• monitor • reduce/prevent pollution • improve treatment • improve policies to protect water

chemical that kills or prevents the growth of microorganism. can be natural, semisynthetic or synthetic. they disrupt cell activities involved in survival and reproduction

bacteria can make cell walls more impermeable

• genetically encoded - vertical(parent to offspring) and horizontal gene transfer

plasmids can carry multiple resistance genes. e.g. presence of heavy metals will select for bacteria with resistance genes for heavy metals, but also for any other genes on this plasma including antibiotic resistance genes

we keep developing new antibiotics and then have to develop a new one

2016 - she died

routine procedures now much more risky. death