carboxylic acids and esters

-COOH

In water they partially dissociate into a carboxylate ion and a H+ ion

React with carbonate to form salt, water and carbon dioxide e.g HCOOH + NaHCO –> HCOONa + CO2 + H2O

Heat a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (typically conc. sulfuric acid)

Have a sweet smell- useful for perfumes, sweets and drinks Polar liquids- lots of polar organic compounds will dissolve in them Low boiling points- good solvents in glues and printing inks Used as plasticisers- however over time the plasticiser escapes and plastic becomes more brittle

When a substance is split up by water

Splits the ester into an acid and an alcohol (reverse of esterification). Have to reflux the ester with dilute acid (hydrochloric or sulfuric)

When you reflux the acid with a dilute alkali (e.g NaOH). OH- ions from the base react with the ester and form a carboxylate ion and an alcohol

Made from esters of glycerol and fatty acids (long chain carboxylic acid) - triglycerides from bio. Can be saturated or unsaturated (contain double bond)

Mainly have saturated hydrocarbon chains so fit neatly together. This increases the van de waals forces between them, so higher temperatures are needed to melt them.

Have unsaturated hydrocarbon chains- double bonds means the chains are bent and don’t pack well together so decrease the effect of the Van der waals forces so easier to melt.

A sodium salt that is a soap, which can then be converted back to a fatty acid by adding an acid.

React with methanol using a strong alkali as a catalyst, which forms a mixture of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids