Cytology
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What does unicellular mean
Consisting of only one cell
What does multi cellular mean
Consisting of many cells
What Is know as the ultra structure
The fine structure of the cell as seen with the electron microscope
What is the basis of the cell theory of biology
1665- Robert Hooke looks at a cork under a microscope. Calls the chambers he sees “cells”. 1665- 75 Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the inventer of the microscope, studies organisms living in pond water. He calls them “animalcules”. 1830- German scientists Schleinden and Schawann summarise the findings of many scientists and conclude that all living organisms are made of cells. This forms the basis of the cell theory of biology
Why did Robert Hooke call cells cells
The little boxes reminded him of the rooms they stayed in at the monastery so he called them cells
What is the cell theory of biology
• all organisms are composed of cells • the cell is the structural unit of life - units smaller than cells are not alive • cells arise by division of pre-existed cells - spontaneous generation does not exist • cells can be cultured to produce more cells
What is in vitro
Outside an organism or cell
What is in vivo
Inside an organism or cell
What is contained in a general animal cell
Golgi apparatus (dictyosome) Lysosome Vesicle Mitochondrion Cell membrane Cytoplasm Microvillus Centrioles Nucleus (nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin-network) Ribosome Granular endoplasmic reticulum
What is contained in a general plant cell
Nucleus (chromatin-network, nuclear membrane, nucleolus) Vesicle Golgi apparatus (dictyosome) Mitochondrion Leucoplast Ribosomes Cytoplasm Chloroplast Tonoplast Large vacuole with cellsap Cell membrane Cell wall Endoplasmic reticulum
What parts is a cell broken down into
Cell - cell wall (non- living) - protoplasm (living) Protoplasm- cell nucleus - cytoplasm Cytoplasm- plasma lemma - hyaloplasm - membranous organelles
What is the protoplasm
The living part of the cell, it includes the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasmalemma
Where does the term protoplasm come from
From the Greek words proto (first) and plasma (formed)
What 6 chemicals is the protoplasm made up of
• water • dissolved mineral salts • lipids • proteins • carbohydrates • nucleic acids
Where are cell walls found
All plant cells (cellulose), fungi (chitin), and bacteria (peptidoglycan).
What is the function of the cell wall
It helps protect the cell from mechanical injury and supports and strengthens the cell. As we cannot digest the cell walls, it forms roughage in our diets and helps to keep the colon functioning and clean
Provide Labels for the diagram representing the cell walls of four neighbouring cells
Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3, Cell 4, cell wall, plasmalemma/cell membrane, intercellular air space, middle lamella, cytoplasm.
What is the middle lamella made up of
Pectins
What is another word for cell membrane
Plasmalemma
How is a cell membrane formed
From a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol molecules. Floating amongst the phospholipid and cholesterol molecules are many globular protein molecules.
Label diagram of the floating mosaic model
Exterior of cell,glycoprotein, double layer of phospholipids, canal protein, interior of cell, cholesterol
Why are membranes considered partially or selectively permeable
Proteins are grouped together and act as pores or transporters,allowing substances to pass through from one side of the membrane to the other. This means that membranes can control which substances may entrer or leave the cell and which not and it varies from cell to cell
What is the function of the cell membrane
It provides protection for the cell, it also transports substances in and out of the cell. Proteins in the membrane also act as receptors receiving and responding to messages
What is the structure of a nucleus
The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane, which allows the DNA to be isolated from the rest of the cell, decreasing the likelihood that it will be damaged.