Automation
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The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst
Automation
Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same analytical session
Batch analysis
The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one
Carryover
Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent, through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container
Discrete analysis
Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion
Parallel analysis
Type of analysis in which any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence
Random access analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered
Sequential analysis
The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, or the rate at which an analytical system processes specimen
Throughput
An area dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task
Workstation
First Automated Analyzer
Technicon autoanalyzer (1957)
Characteristics of Technicon autoanalyzer
Continuous, flow, sequential batch analyzer Single channel Capable of analyzing one sample at a time Can provide a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour
Characteristics of Simultaneous Multiple Analyzers (SMA-6, SMA-12)
Multiple Channel Capable of analyzing multiple samples at a time Can produce 6 or 12 test results at a rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour
First centrifugal analyzer from NASA outer space research
Centrifugal analyzer (1970)
Developed a prototype of centrifugal analyzer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Norman Anderson (1967)
Significant drawbacks of centrifugal analyzer
Carryover problems Costly reagent waste
The first non-continuous flow, discrete analyzer
Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)
The first instrument to have random-access capabilities
Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)
Unique features of ACA
Plastic test packs Positive patient identification Infrequent calibration
Characteristics of ACA
Single Channel Capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour
The first to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis
Kodk Ektachem (Vitros) Analyzers (1978)
Two types of CC tests done in the laboratory
Dry Chemistry Wet Chemistry
Type of analysis that utilizes strips with impregnated reagent
Dry Chemistry
Type of analysis that utilizes liquid reagents
Wet Chemistry
Slide that contains the entire reagent chemistry system
Vitros slide