Physical Sciences

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Characterized by their ability to retain their shape. They melt when heated and vaporize only slightly. All substances become ______ if cooled sufficiently.

These take the shape of their containers, yet cannot be compressed to any significant extent. Their volume is constant unless evaporation is occurring. They crystallize when chilled sufficiently; heat causes them to vaporize.

They expand to fill any available space. A compressible fluid, with the volume determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment. The volume varies inversely with pressure.

The law stating that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure. If the pressure increases, the volume decreases (the opposite is also true)

________ makes it possible for some elements and compounds to transform from a solid to a gas phase without becoming a liquid (I.e. Dry ice turning into a gas at room temperature)

Some gases can turn directly into a solid (e.g. The formation of frost)

The amount of matter in a chemical substance

Divide mass by volume

Various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape-changing when force is applied

Resistance to fracture or plastic (permanent) deformation due to friction from a sharp object

Resistance to plastic (permanent) deformation due to a constant load from a sharp object

Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elasticity.

This scale is used to rate minerals 1-10 on hardness. (1=talc 10=diamond)

Characteristics that make up physical composition of a substance. (I.e. Color, form, electrical conductivity, density)

When water changes from a gas (vapor) to a liquid (water) to a solid (ice), but the molecules themselves do not change.

When a substance changes into something else/whenever compounds are formed or decomposed. Usually not reversible. (I.e. Formation of rust)

__________ show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products.

These subatomic particles have a negative charge and are attracted to positively charged protons (this attraction keeps them in orbit around the nucleus)

These are composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay or by nuclear reactions

This number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms

The sum of protons and neutrons

The chemical combination of two or more elements

This chart arranges all the elements from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number and generally coincide with their increasing atomic mass.