Matter and Measurement

is the field of study concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter

includes all things, both living and non-living.

Physical state

characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume

characterized by an indefinite shape and a define volume

characterized by an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume

distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and description

characteristics that can be observed without changing the basic identity of the substance (ex. Color, odor, physical state, melting/boiling point, hardness)

describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance

a substance changes its physical appearance but not is chemical composition (ex. Changes in physical state)

a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition. It always involve conversion of the material under consideration into one or more new substances

a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means

-physical combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity -One characteristic of any mixture is that its components can be separated using physical means

a mixture that contains visible different phases (parts), each of which has different property

contains only one visibly distinct phase (part), which has a uniform properties throughout (ex. Sugar-water mixture)

pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means

pure substance that can broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means (ex. Water [H2O] can be broken down into the elements hydrogen and oxygen)

Notes: Compounds vs Mixtures -Remember, substances can be combined either physically or chemically -No such binding occurs during physical combination

The discovery and isolation of the 117 known elements, the building blocks for all matter, have taken place over a period of several centuries. Most of the discoveries have occurred since

Note: Elements Each element has a unique name; some bear geographical names (germanium, francium and polonium), some are named for the planets (mercury, uranium, neptunium), some reflect specific properties of the element or of the compounds containing it

one- or two-letter designation for an element derived from the element’s name

is the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element

Note: -A sample of any element is composed of atoms of a single type, those of that element. In contrast, a compound must have two or more types of atoms present, because by definition at least two elements must be present -Free atoms are rarely encountered in nature -Atoms are almost always found together in aggregates or clusters

is a group of two or more atoms that functions a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together