Evolution

Frequencies are stable • No mutations • Large population • Random mating • No migration • Equal reproductive success

p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p= frequency of dominant allele q= frequency of recessive allele p^2= frequency of dominant homozygotes 2pq= frequency of heterozygotes q^2= frequency of recessive homozygotes

suggests that changes in some species occur in rapid bursts

keeps phenotypes within a specfic range by selecting against extremes

adaptive pressure leads to emergence and dominance of an initially extreme phenotype

two extreme phenotypes are selected over the norm

rapid rise of a number of species from a common ancestor

formation of a new species through evolution, considered isolated when the two can no longer inbreed, either due to prezygotic mechanisms or postzygotic mechanisms

independent development of dissimilar characteristics in 2 or more lineages, sharing a common ancestor

related species evolve in similar ways for a long period of time because of analogous environmental selection

independent development of similar characteristics in 2 or more lineages not sharing a recent common ancestor