COGS 154 Final

difficulty with properly planning and executing motor movements for speech

Processes that define and sequence articulatory goals -prior to initiation of movement `

processes that establish and prepare the flow of motor info across muscle, as well as control timing and force of movement -prior to initiation of movement

processes that activate relevant muscles -during and after initiation of movement

inability to group and sequence the relevant muscle with respect to each other (apraxia)

speech disorder due to dysfunctional motor planning and programming -the messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted -severity of apraxia depends on the nature of the brain damage -can occur in conjunction with dysarthria or aphasia acquired and developmental

deficits in physiology and movement abilities of muscles (dysarthria)

-speech disorder due to dysfunctional motor execution resulting in incoordinated, weak, and slow articulatory movements -impaired movement for the muscles used for speech production -lips, tongue, vocal folds and/or disphragm acquired and developmental

difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say all the sounds in the words -often say something completely different or make up words (bipem or chicken for kitchen) -quite frustrating for the person

in adults, damage is often to the left frontal cortex surrounding Broca’s Area -In kids, no known specific cause –theories suggest disruption of messages form brain to muscles to produce speech

focus of intervention is on improving the planning, sequencing, and coordination of muscle movements for speech production -retraining with repetition -AAC

Subspecialty of SLP -Primary Goal: Learning through listening Concern is communication development Make speech louder, deliver a better speech signal, provides a language through another modality (sign language)

Subspecialty of SLP or audiologist Primary Goal: Make the signal louder and teach the client compensatory strategies (Speechreading, preferential seating, environmental modifications, conversational strategies)

congenital or pre-lingual hearing loss (genetic, disease, trauma, cancer drugs) Acquired Hearing Loss (presbycusis-old ear-disease, trauma, cancer drugs, noise induced[ipods])

pitch loudness discrimination (how clear is what you hear)

• sound waves enter through microphone • the sound processor converts the sound into a distinctive digital code • the electrically coded signal is transmitted across the skin through the headpiece to the internal portion of the device • the internal device delivers the sound to the electrodes • the electrodes stimulate the hearing nerve • the hearing nerve sends teh signal to the brain for processing

Hearing Aids: • acoustically amplify signal • rely on the responsiveness of healthy, inner ear sensory cells Cchlear implants • converts speech info into electrical signals • bypasses the inner ear sensory cells & stimulates the hearing nerve directly

Inpatients: patients still in the hospital after a traumatic event Outpatients: patients dismissed from hospital but who still require speech/language therapy

Home health care (provide therapy in patient’s home) Clinics Schools (therapy for kids age 3-22)

Evaluate provide therapy teach tools/strategies to help clients communicate AND help family members and caregivers communicate with clients • educate the client and family • continuing education

• Slurred, choppy, or mumbled speech that may be difficult to understand • slow rate of speech • rapid rate of speech with a mumbling quality • limited tongue, lip and jaw movement • abnormal pitch and rhythm when speaking • changes in voice quality, such as a hoarse or breathy voice or speech that sounds nasal or stuffy

Damage to nervous system pathways results in the inability to send proper messages from brain to the muscles involved in speech • stroke, brain injury, tumors • parkinsons, lou gehrigs, huntingtons, MS • cerebral palsy (damage to motor control venters of the developing brain during pregnancy, birth, or shortly after • progressive neurological disease

• originate in the motor cortex • axons synapse on cell bodies of lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord • cell bodies and axons totally contained within central nervous system (CNS)