Chapter 12: Excretory System
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Trace Urine through the urinary system.
Blood gets processed by the kidney, the urine then travels down the ureter to the bladder, then out of the body through the urethra.
Functions of the excretory system.
Maintain dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis
How are Nitrogenous Wastes excreted?
Excreted as urine
How is ammonia excreted?
It is highly toxic so it must first be converted into less toxic urea.
What occurs in the liver?
reanimation, lactic acid processing, and bile breakdown.
How many ureters are there in the human body?
2
What part of the nephron returns water and salt to the blood?
Loop of Henle
What does antidieretic hormone do?
Increases rate of water reabsorption in the descending loop of henle
What does aldosterone do?
Causes the reabsorption of sodium ions and water in the ascending loop of henle
What negative ions follow sodium ions out of the nephron?
Chlorine and bicarbonate ions
Why is there a higher concentration of mitochondria in the proximal tube?
To perform active transport on the sodium ions.
What molecules are not filtered out in the glomerulus?
red blood cells, plasma proteins, and platelets.
What percent of filtrate can be returned to the blood?
85-99
What does the afferent blood vessel do?
Carries blood to the nephron
What does the efferent blood vessel do?
Carries clean blood away from the kidney.
What are the three regions of the kidney from outside to in?
Cortex, medulla, pelvis
What are 4 kidney dysfunctions?
Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, Nephritis, and kidney stones.
What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?
Diabetes mellitus is caused from a lack of insulin produced by the kidney, whereas diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH (Antidieretic hormone)
What molecules are released in the ascending loop of Henle?
Sodium ions, water, chloride ions, and bicarbonate ions
What molecules are reabsorbed into the blood from the proximal tubule?
Na+, Cl-, H20, glucose, bicarbonate.