Unit 1: Anatomy

• Made up of 80 bones (skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column). • Acts as the framework of the skeleton. • Is rigid with little movement

• Divided into Face/Cranium • Protects brain, eyes and ears • Contains teeth • Made out of 22 bones • Priovides attachment for chewing muscles

• Flat bone at the bottom of the throat, halfway down center of the chest • Attachment for ribs and also protects vital organs in thorax • Made up of 3 parts: Manubrium (top), body, xiphoid process (tail)

• Articulate with sternum (front) and thoracic vertebrae (back) • 12 pairs: 1-7 (true, attach to sternum), 8-10 (false, attach to rib 7), 11-12 (floating, not attached to sternum) • Intercostal muscles essential for breathing located between ribs (any damage to ribs affect breathing)

• Made up of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae • Protects vital organs

• 33 vertebraes • Strong and flexible • Body = largest/flattest part

• 4 vertebrae • Last part of column • Fuses with sacral at age 30 • Vestigal (functionless) structure but helps stabilize body when sitting

• 5 vertebrae fused into 1 • Transmits weight from body to pelvis and legs

• 5 vertebrae • Biggest and strongest • Major role in weight-bearing, absorbs high compression loads

• 12 vertebrae • Movement more restricted • Ribs attached to each side of vertebrae

• 7 Vertebrae • Smallest ones • More movement than thoracic and lumbar

• Shock absorber • Makes column more flexible • Outer ring of fibrocartilage called anulus fibrosus • Gel-like structure in the middle called nucleus pulposus

• Increase strength • Maintain upright balance • Absorb shocks during weight-bearing exercise • Support head • Enclose and protect the spinal cord • Transmit the weight from the body to the legs • Attachment point for ribs and back muscles

• Primary: present in fetus ; Secondary: Appear when child can hold head • Thoracic and Sacral Curves: Anteriorly Concave • Cervical and Lumbar Curves: Anteriorly Convex • Convex = caves outwards at the front, Concave = caves inwards at the front • If head is facing <-; convex= c ; concave = ↄ

• 126 bones • Enclose important structures and are essential for movement • Divided into upper/lower body

• Clavicles and scapulae • Allows for arm movement

• S-shaped • Positions arms in the body • Articulates laterally with the scapulae and to axial skeleton on sternum

• Flat triangle bones at the back of pectoral girdle • Articulate the clavicle and humerus

• Shoulder -> elbow • Articulates with scapula at upper end (shoulder joint) • Articulates with ulna at lower end (elbow joint)

• Radius and ulna (long and parallel) held together by interosseous membrane which also provides stability • Radius on thumb side, Ulna on medial side (radioulnar joint) • Radius and Ulna articulate with hand at wrist

• 2 rows and 8 short bones in total • Proximal row articulates with radius and ulna • Distal (away from centre of body) row articulates with metacarpals (hand framework)

• Distal side articulates with phalanges

• Each finger has 3 (proximal, middle, distal) • Thumb has 2 (proximal, distal)

• 3 bones fused together: ilium, ischium, pelvis • Articulates with sacrum • Provides link between lower extermities and axial skeleton • Supports body weight • Attachment for thigh muscles • Protects organs