Topic 1 - States Of Matter

• regular, lattice structure • vibrating in position • strong attractive forces

• irregular, close together • slip past each other • quite weak attractive forces

• irregular, far apart • move in random directions • very weak attractive forces

A measure of how much energy the particles in a substance have

Solid -> Liquid = melting Solid -> Gas = subliming Liquid -> Gas = boiling Liquid -> Solid = freezing Gas -> Solid = deposition Gas -> Liquid = condensing

The tendency of particles to spread out

• higher temperature means faster diffusion * greater mass means slower diffusion

It becomes paler

Description: one side there is wool soaked in HCl, the other side there is wool soaked in NH3. Both substances diffuse and a white smoke forms closer to the HCl because it is heavier than NH3 and therefore diffuses slower Equation: HCl + NH3 -> NH4Cl

Potassium manganate (VII) is used because it is bright purple If you take a beaker if water and place some potassium manganate (VII) at the bottom, the purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the beaker This shows the random motion of particles in a liquid the causes the purple colour to eventually be evenly spread out throughout the water This can be diluted

• bromine gas is brown and strongly smelling • fill half a glass jar with bromine gas, and the other half with air. Separate the gases with a glass plate • when you remove the glass plate, you’ll see the brown bromine gas slowly diffusing through the air • the random motion of the particles means that the bromine will eventually diffuse right through the air