Organic Mechanisms and Conditions
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What are the conditions and products for thermal cracking?
7000 kPa 400-900°C Forms alkanes + alkenes
What are the conditions and products for catalytic cracking?
Zeolite catalyst 450°C 1 atm Forms branched, cyclic and aromatic alkanes
What are the products for the combustion of alkanes?
Carbon dioxide and water (Can form carbon monoxide and even carbon itself if combustion is incomplete)
How do alkanes react with Cl₂ and what are the conditions and products?
Free radical substitution Needs UV light Forms haloalkanes
What is the mechanism for free radical substitution?
How does bromine react with alkenes and what are the conditions and products?
Electrophilic addition Room temp Dissolved in water/any organic solvent Forms a dibromoalkane
How does hydrogen bromide react with alkenes and what are the conditions and products?
Electrophilic addition Bubble through at room temp Forms a bromoalkane
How does H₂SO₄ react with alkenes and what are the conditions and products?
Electrophilic addition Ensure H₂SO₄ is cold and concentrated Forms an alkyl hydrogensulfate
What is the mechanism for electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes?
What are the conditions and products for the hydration of alkenes and what type of reaction is this?
Reacts with H₂O Electrophilic addition H₃PO₄ catalyst 300°C 6500 kPa Forms an alcohol
How does H₂ reduce alkenes?
Nickel catalyst 150°C Forms an alkane
What are the conditions and products for addition polymerisation?
Ziegler-Natta catalyst Forms addition polymers
How does KCN react with haloalkanes and what are the conditions and products?
React with more alkenes Nucleophilic substitution KCN dissolved in ethanol Forms a nitrile
How does NH₃ react with haloalkanes and what are the conditions and products?
Nucleophilic substitution NH₃ dissolved in ethanol Heated in a sealed copper tube Forms a primary amine
How does NaOH/KOH react with haloalkanes and what are the conditions and products? (first type of reaction)
Nucleophilic substitution Heat under reflux Aqueous Forms an alcohol
What is the mechanism for nucleophilic substitution reactions with haloalkanes?
How does KOH react with haloalkanes and what are the conditions and products? (second type of reaction)
Elimination KOH must be hot and dissolved in ethanol Forms an alkene
What is the mechanism for elimination reactions with haloalkanes?
How does K₂Cr₂O₇ oxidise alcohols?
K₂Cr₂O₇ must be dissolved in sulfuric acid Distil Primary alcohol will form an aldehyde Secondary alcohol will form a ketone No reaction with tertiary alcohols Colour change can be visible from orange to green (Primary alcohols can be oxidised straight to carboxylic acid if heated under reflux)
What are the conditions and products for dehydration of alcohols?
Elimination or dehydration reaction Conc. H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ catalyst 180°C Forms an alkene
How do hydrogen halides react with alcohols and what are the conditions and products?
Nucleophilic substitution Reflux Forms a haloalkane
How does K₂Cr₂O₇ oxidise aldehydes?
K₂Cr₂O₇ must be dissolved in sulfuric acid OR use Tollens’ reagent OR use Fehling’s solution Reflux (K₂Cr₂O₇) Heat (Fehling’s) Warm (Tollens’) Aldehyde will form carboxylic acid No reaction with ketone Colour change can be visible from orange to green OR silver mirror forms OR colour change can be visible from blue to brick-red precipitate
How does H₂ reduce aldehydes?
Nickel catalyst 150°C Forms a primary alcohol
How does NaBH₄ (H⁻ ion) reduce aldehydes?
Nucleophilic addition Dissolved in methanol/water Forms a primary alcohol