Chap 3
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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Where do autotrophs obtain organic carbon? Heterotrophs?
autotrophs: carbon dioxide heterotrophs: from organic carbon found in other matters such as animal or plant
Define a(n): biomolecule
DNA, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins
Define a(n): organic molecule in biology
organic molecules are compounds with a carbon/hydrogen backbone and/or originate from biological sources, they are formed by living organisms.
Define a(n): carbon skeleton
carbons of organic compounds are referred to as the carbon skeleton
Define a(n): functional group.
the elements that are attached to the carbon skeleton they provide the molecule with a particular characteristic, function, and properties
Which properties of carbon make it a good building block for organic biomolecules?
Its tetravalence makes large, complex molecules possible.
Which other elements make up the major atoms used to build these molecules?
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus
When carbon is bound to four other atoms, what shape does the molecule generally take?
tetrahedral
Review polar and non-polar bonds. Would the following bonds: C-O; C-H; C-N; C-C be considered polar or non-polar? Why?
C-O: polar (big difference in electronegativity) C-H: non-polar (not a big difference in electronegativity) C-N: polar (big difference in electronegativity) C-C: non-polar (no difference in electronegativity)
Hydroxyl group
Polar group, OH, alcohols, polarity depends on how much OH there is relative to the molecule’s size.
CarboNyl group
Polar group, CO, sugars aldehydes [aldoses] (carbonyl group attached to at least one hydrogen) ketones [ketoses] (carbonyl group bonded to at least two other carbons)
CarboXyl group
Polar group (stable), COOH (weakly acidic) an important part of amino acids
Amino group
Polar group, NHH, can also accept an extra H+ atom (weakly basic) an important part of amino acids can act as a buffer (accept H or donate H)
Sulfhydryl group
relatively non-polar, SH disulfide bridge: helps stabilize the internal structures of protein found in some proteins that contain cysteine amino acids
Phosphate group
Polar (OPO32-), can donate H and accept (weakly acidic) important part of phospholipids nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. ATP (3 groups) = repel each other = high energy bonds
Methyl group
Non-polar, CH3, acts as an identity tag or signal for enzymes part of DNA = affects gene expression, also present on male and female sex hormones to alter shapes and therefore their function.
Define an isomer. Compare a structural isomer and a stereoisomer. Would you expect stereoisomers to have different biological properties? Why?
Isomer: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties Structural isomer: different covalent arrangements of their atoms stereoisomers: -geometric isomers: same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements -enantiomers: mirror images of each other
Define a monomer and a polymer.
monomer is a building block for polymers
Describe a hydrolysis and condensation reaction
Hydrolysis: polymers disassembled into monomers by hydrolysis Condensation reactions (dehydration reactions): monomers form larger molecules