Principles of Chemistry - States of Matter
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what is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
particles are close together and regularly packed
what is the movement of particles in a solid?
particles vibrate around a fixed point
what is the energy of particles in a solid?
particles have less kinetic energy than both liquids and gasses
what is the arrangement of particles in a liquid?
particles are close together but irregular
what is the movement of particles in a liquid?
particles are free to move
what is the energy of particles in a liquid?
particles have less kinetic energy than gasses but more than solids
what is the arrangement of particles in a gas?
particles are far apart and there are no forces between them
what is the movement of particles in a gas?
particles are free to move
what is the energy of particles in a gas?
particles have more kinetic energy than liquids and solids
what is the change between solid and liquid and what happens during it?
melting - when a solid is heated, the energy makes the particles vibrate fast enough so that the forces of attraction between the particles break
what is the change between liquid and solid and what happens during it?
freezing - when a liquid is cooled, the particles move slowly enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them into a solid.
what is the change between liquid and gas and what happens during it?
boiling - when a liquid is heated strongly, the energy makes the particles move fast enough so that all forces of attraction are broken
what is the change between gas and liquid and what happens during it?
condensing - when a gas is cooled, the particles move slowly enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them as a liquid
what is the change between solid and gas called?
sublimation
what is diffusion?
gradual movement of particles from high to low concentration
how does the potassium manganate and water practical demonstrate diffusion?
the purple-coloured potassium manganate slowly makes the water turn purple. the potassium manganate is diffusing among the water particles
why is the purple potassium manganate colour evenly spread?
the random motion of particles
what gas does aqueous ammonia give off?
ammonia gas
what gas does hydrochloric acid give off?
hydrogen chloride gas
if aqueous ammonia and hydrochloric acid are put in a glass tube at opposite ends what happens?
a white ring of ammonium chloride is formed
why does the white ring of ammonium chloride not form in the middle of the glass tube?
ammonia particles are smaller and lighter than hydrogen chloride particles so diffuse more quickly
how do bromine gas and air demonstrate diffusion?
when both are put in a gas jar the brown bromine gas will diffuse through the air, making it a brown colour
what is a solute?
the substance that dissolves