Exam # 4 Chapter 14

-the 4 parts of the brain are:

-continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

-posterior to the brainstem, the little brain

• superior to the brainstem - forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

-the largest part of the brain

• continuous with the spinal meninges, have the same basic structures and bear the same names: • dura mater • arachnoid mater • pia mater

• the outer covering • has two layers, periosteal and meningeal, fused together except around the dural ventral sinuses • has no epidural space, the blood vessels pass along the surface and penetrate inward wrapped in pia mater

• 3 extensions of the _____: • falx cerebri • falx cerebelli • tentorium cerebelli

-separates two hemispheres of cerebrum

-separates 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

-separates cerebrum and cerebellum

• protection, keeps things out of the brain • endothelial cells of the brains capillaries are connected with tight junctions, and surrounded by a think basement membrane • astrocytes secrete chemicals to seal the junctions between cells • nonpolar substances can get through: O2, C02, steroid hormones, as well as transported substances like glucose

• colorless liquid, primarily water - contains: 02, glucose, proteins, cations, an white blood cells

• functions of the _____: • mechanical protection: shock absorbing • chemical protection: proper chemical environment for signal transduction • circulation: exchange nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue

• the majority of CSF production - network of capillaries in the wall of ventricles

• filter the blood, letting mostly water through • bidirectional, allowing transport back to the blood • surrounds capillaries and choroid plexuses

-permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood borne subsatnces

-ventricals all produce its own _____

• locations: superior to spinal cord, beginning at foramen magnum. forms the inferior part of brainstem (inferior to pons) • contains all sensory and motor tracts that extend from SC to brian

-bulges of white matter, large corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movement

• 90% of tracts cross right/left - explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body

• oval shaped swelling lateral to pyramids - contain olivary nuclei

• regulates everything • cardivasular center • resp center/functions with pon • vomiting center • deglutition center (swallowing) • sneezing, couhing, hiccuping • taste, hearing, equilibrium

-adjust motor outputs while learning new motor skills