1.1 skeletal system
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which bones are included in the axial skeletal group?
skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
which bones are included in the appendicular skeletal group?
the rest of the body (shoulders, hips, arms and legs)
function of apprendicular skeletons
attach ligaments and muscles which creates more movement. + protection to the digestive, excretory and reproductive organs
4 types of bones
long, short, flat and irregular
ft of long bone
they have long cylindrical shaft, are enlarged at both ends, can be large or small purpose; assist movement example; femur, clavicle and metatarsals
ft of short bones
small and cube shaped, articulate with multiple bones purpose; provides support and stability, limited movement example; carples and tarsals
ft of flat bones
they have curved surfaces, can be thin or thick purpose: provides protection and broad area for muscle attachment examples; sternum and scapula
ft of irregular bones
they have specialised shapes and functions examples: vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
labelling the long bone - epiphysis
expands the ends of the bone (proximal is closer to the centre axis of the body and distal is further from the central axis of the body) and articulate with other bones to form joints
parts of the long bone - spongy bone
found in the epiphysis, has a irregular lattice structure, intercostal spaces reducing weight whilst maintaining strength, has branching bony plates and contains red and yellow bone marrow.
parts of the long bone - articular cartilage
prevents the bones from grinding and eroding, absorbs shock and covers the epiphysis
parts of the long bone- diaphysis
its the long main portion of the bones, has thin cylinder made of compact bone and encloses the marrow cavity
parts of the long bone- compact bone
solid and dense located in the diaphysis, prevents bending by being strong and smooth. purpose is to give protection and support by resisting stress of weight
parts of the long bone- bone marrow
is yellow in adults mostly red in youth purpose is to produce white and red blood cells
parts of the long bone- marrow cavity
located in the space between the diaphysis and spongy bone spaces (in epiphyses) purpose is to hold yellow bone marrow
parts of the long bone- blood vessels
enters through the periosteum purpose is to bring proteins, minerals, carbohydrates and other nutrients for bone growth
parts of the long bone- periosteum
location is the membrane covering the diaphysis, connected to the outer fibrose layer (which is a dense connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves) and inner fibrous layer with blood vessels and bone cells purpose is to attach ligaments and tendons, support teh bone in development,
anatomical terminology (1) superior
area nearer to the head
anatomical terminology (2) inferior
area nearer to the feet, further from the head
anatomical terminology (3) proximal
area that is nearer to where the limbs attach to the body eg shoulder
anatomical terminology (4) distal
the area further from where the limbs attach to the body
anatomical terminology (5) posterior
area behind or nearer to the back
anatomical terminology (6) anterior
area infront or neared to the front
anatomical terminology (7) lateral
furthest from the midline of the body (left or right to the centre going outwards)