organics
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halogenoalkane to alkene
NaOH in ethanol heat
halogenoalkane to alcohol
aqueous KOH/NaOH
alcohol to bromoalkane
KBr and H2SO4
halogenoalkane to amine
NH3 heat in a sealed tube in ethanol
equation for addition of PCl5 to alcohol
(R)OH + PCl5 –> HCl + (R)Cl + POCl3
alkane to chloroalkane
Cl2 gas
alcohol to chloroalkane
PCl5
alkene to chloroalkane
HCl
how to make an ester (not with a carboxylic acid)
alcohol and an acyl chloride
advantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (4)
• higher yeild • goes to completion • no catalyst needed • no heat (reflux) needed
disadvantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (2)
• acyl chloride is more expensive • acyl chloride is toxic
nitrile to amine
LiAlH4 in dry ether reduction
alkene to diol
KMnO4 and H2SO4 oxidation
alkane to halogenoalkane
X2 UV light
halogenoalkane to alkane
(RX into gringard) add Mg in dry ether then H+ and H20
halogenoalkane to nitrile
KCN in ethanol heat under reflux
nitrile to carboxylic acid
aqueous H+ (HCl) hydrolysis
acyl chloride to amide
NH3
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
PCl5
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
water H+ room temperature
CO2 to carboxylic acid
Grignard reagent (R-MgX) + H2O reduction
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid salt
aqueous NaOH acid/base reaction
carboxylic acid to carboxylic acid salt
aqueous NaOH acid/base reaction
carboxylic acid salt to carboxylic acid
aqueous H+ acid/base reaction