wrong questions
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describe one difference between the pi and sigma bond
sigma bond is between bonding atoms pi bond is above and below the bonding atoms
explain why a compound does not have e/z isomers
one carbon atom in the double bond is attached to 2 groups which are identical
write two equations to show how NO radicals catalyse the breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere
NO* + O3 = NO2* + O2 NO2* + O = NO* + O2
explain in terms of bond breaking and bond making why the enthalpy change of formation of NO is endothermic
more energy is requires for bond breaking than is released by bond making
dilution equation
new diluted concentration = original conc x original volume/new diluted volume
if kp decreases as temperature increases is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic (same for the value of Kc)
exothermic
how does increasing the pressure change equilibrium position in terms of kp
eq shifts to side with fewer moles eg to the RHS - ratio in Kp expression decreases - ratio increases to restore kp - kp does not change as it only changes with temp
percentage dissociation equation
[H+]/acid x 100
explain why it is difficult to predict whether the enthalpy change of solution becomes more exothermic or less exothermic down the group from MgF2 to MgI2
• halide ion gets larger down the group • lattice enthalpy is less exothermic down the group • hydration enthalpy is less exothermic down the group • difficult to predict whether lattice enthalpy of hydration enthalpy has bigger effect
explain why 1-iodopentane was found to react faster than 1-bromopentane
c-i bond is weaker carbon halogen bond breaks
in enthalpy of combustion experiments would the experiment be improved by heating the water for longer
less accurate due to greater heat losses more accurate due to smaller percentage uncertainty in temperature change
explanation for major product
the carbocation intermediate is more stable
in an arrhenius plot what is the x and what is the y axis
x = 1/T y= ln(rate) or ln(1/time)
graph shapes for a rate/concentration graph
zero order is a straight horizontal line as it has NO effect on the rate
exothermic explanation
Bond breaking requires less energy than is released by bond formation.
IR
causes covalent bonds to vibrate more and absorb energy