Nutrition - Tutorial 1
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Name the six types of nutrients
• Water • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Minerals -Vitamins
Name the three monosaccharides that are absorbed
• Fructose • Glucose • Galactose
State the end products of digestion of triglycerides
Monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids
State five types of lipids & describe the major function for each type of lipid
• Fatty acid- synthesise of triglycerides and phospholipids, catabolised to generate ATP • Triglycerides - protection from injury, insulation from cold, energy storage • Phospholipids - component of cell membranes and lipoproteins • Steroids (eg. Cholesterol) - minor component in cell membrane, precursor to bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones Prostaglandins - local hormones released from damaged cells that intensify the effects of histamine and induce pain
State the overall function of lipoproteins
To transport lipids in the blood
Name the three different types of lipoproteins & describe the specific function for each type
VLDL deliver triglycerides to adipose tissue LDL is cholesterol-rich it’s function is to transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues, Excessive levels of LDL damage artery walls, narrowing the arteries, leading to heart attack and strokes. HDL is to remove excess cholesterol from the peripheral tissues, HDL transports cholesterol to the liver to be made into bile and excreted, HDL is an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant molecule that powerfully protects from heart disease in several ways.
Describe the clinical significance of raised LDL
Risk of cardiovascular disease, as excessive levels of LDL damages artery walls, narrowing the arteries, leading to heart attacks and strokes.
State the end product of the digestion of proteins
Amino acids
Name seven different types of proteins & give one function for each type
• Structural proteins - provide strength (eg. Collagen in bone, keratin in skin hair and nails) • Hormones - eg. Insulin acts as a chemical messages from pancreatic islet cells and cells all over the body. (Not all hormones are proteins) • Contractile proteins - allow shortening of muscle cells (eg. Actin and myosin) • Antibodies - allow protection/defence against foreign cells and bacteria eg. Immunoglobulins. • Haemoglobin - transports oxygen in red blood cells • Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions (eg. Amylase, maltase, lipase and proteases) 7.Neurotransmitters
Explain the function of antioxidant vitamins
inactivate oxygen free radicals and protect against damage to the body