Unit one
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Define pH.
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14.
True or false: A pH of 7 is considered neutral.
TRUE
Fill in the blank: A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered ______.
acidic
What does a pH greater than 7 indicate?
It indicates that the solution is alkaline or basic.
Define acid in terms of pH.
A substance that donates protons (H+) and has a pH less than 7.
Define base in terms of pH.
A substance that accepts protons (H+) and has a pH greater than 7.
What is the pH range for acidic solutions?
The pH range for acidic solutions is from 0 to 6.9.
What is the pH range for basic solutions?
The pH range for basic solutions is from 7.1 to 14.
True or false: Lemon juice has a low pH.
TRUE Lemon juice typically has a pH around 2.
What does a pH of 14 indicate?
It indicates a highly alkaline solution.
Define pH scale.
A logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Fill in the blank: Acetic acid is found in ______.
vinegar
True or false: pH can be measured using a pH meter.
TRUE
Define fission.
The process of splitting a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy.
True or false: Fusion occurs at extremely high temperatures and pressures.
TRUE Fusion powers stars, including our Sun, by combining hydrogen nuclei into helium.
Fill in the blank: Nuclear fission is used in _______ plants to generate electricity.
nuclear
What is the primary fuel for nuclear fusion?
Hydrogen isotopes, such as deuterium and tritium.
What is a key difference between fission and fusion?
Fission splits nuclei; fusion combines them, releasing more energy.
Define synthesis reaction.
A reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single product.
True or false: Decomposition reactions break down compounds into simpler substances.
TRUE Common examples include electrolysis of water and thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
Fill in the blank: Single displacement reactions involve one element _______ another in a compound.
replacing
What is a double displacement reaction?
A reaction where two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds.
What type of reaction is combustion?
A reaction that typically involves a substance reacting with oxygen to produce heat and light.
Define exothermic reaction.
A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat.