C.11 Polymers

• many monomers join together • to form a polymer

• Alkenes from cracking crude oil • the double bond • used for plastics

• trailing bonds • nothing else

• trailing bonds • brackets • n

none

• produce polymer • and one other small molecule • water

• monomers must have two functional groups • carboxylic acid –> dicarboxylic acid- hexanedioic acid • alcohol –> diol • ethane diol • is a polyESTER due to the ester functional group

• Remove water from the monomers • so OH from carboxylic acid • H from alcohol • forms polyester and 2 waters

• amino acid • same one

• amino acid has • amine –> NH2 • carboxylic acid –> COOH • OH from carboxylic acid • H from amine • forms polypeptide and one water

• amino acid • but different ones

• 2 polymer strands • made up of 4 different types of nucleotide • 4 different bases = 4 different nucleotides • double helix structure

• weak intermolecular forces between two polymer chaisn • strong covalent bonds between nucleotides

• Phosphate • (covalenlty bonded) • Sugar • Bonded to base • A, T, C, G

glucose

glucose

amino acid (diff ones)

• nucleotides

• Catalyst • 50degrees • raised pressure causes straight polymers • more atoms in same volume

• very high pressure • trace of oxygen branched polymer chains • fewer atoms in the same volume

• wont melt • strong covalent bonds between chains • crosslinks

• will melt • only weak intermolecular forces between chains • require little energy to over come