Topic 13 - Intro to Organic Chemistry
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What is the general formula?
An algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the ‘family’. e.g. alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, etc
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n + 2
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH(2n + 1)OH
What is the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element.
What is the empirical formula?
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is the structural formula?
The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds.
What is the skeletal formula?
Shows the bonds of a carbon skeleton formula. Hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown but functional groups are.
What is the displayed formula?
Shows the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in a molecule.
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that have the same general formula and functional group.
What are the two types of bond fission?
Homolytic and heterolytic.
What is bond fission?
The breaking of a covalent bond.
What is heterolytic fission?
The bond breaks but the electrons are distributed unequally forming 2 ions (an anion and a cation).
What sort of arrow shows heterolytic fission?
Double-headed arrow.
What is homolytic fission?
The bond breaks equally forming 2 uncharged radicals.
What sort of arrow shows homolytic fission?
Single-headed arrow.
What symbolizes free radicals?
A dot for an unpaired electron.
What are the 3 stages for free radical reactions?
Initiation, Propagation, Termination.
What sort of reaction makes halogenoalkanes?
Free radical substitution.
What are the 7 types of reactions?
Addition Substitution Elimination/Dehydration Condensation Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction
What is an addition reaction?
A double bond is broken and two molecules join to form a single product.
What is a substitution reaction?
A functional group is exchanged for another one.
What is an elimination/dehydration reaction?
A double bond is normally formed when a functional group is removed and released as part of a smaller molecule.
What is a condensation reaction?
When 2 molecules join and a small molecule is eliminated (usually water).