Amino Acids and Proteins

Which of the following acute-phase reactant proteins decreases during inflammation? a. Transferrin b. α1 -Antitrypsin c. Haptoglobin d. Fibrinogen

Which of the following refers to the three-dimensional spatial configuration of a single polypeptide chain determined by disulfide linkages, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, and van der Waals forces? a. Primary structure b. Secondary structure c. Tertiary structure d. Quaternary structure

Which of the following plasma proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining in vivo colloidal osmotic pressure? a. Albumin b. Hemoglobin c. Fibrinogen d. α2-Macroglobulin

Which of the following best describes a peptide bond? a. An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon b. A double carbon bond between the alpha-carbons of two amino acids c. An amino group bonded to a carboxyl group of another amino acid d. Two carboxyl groups bonded to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid

Which of the following results would correlate best with malnutrition and a poor protein–caloric status? a. Decreased prealbumin b. Decreased γ-globulins c. Elevated ceruloplasmin d. Elevated α1-fetoprotein

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with a normal level of myoglobin? a. Multiple myeloma b. Acute myocardial infarction c. Acute renal failure d. Skeletal muscle injury

An immunofixation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern would most likely reveal which of the following? a. An IgG monoclonal band b. Oligoclonal bands c. Significant β–γ bridging d. An IgM monoclonal band

Which of the following would indicate a plasma specimen was used for protein electrophoresis instead of serum? a. A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins b. A broad increase in the γ-globulin fraction c. A bridge between the α1- and α2-globulins d. A significantly decreased albumin peak

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with the serum proteink electrophoresis results below? albumin: decreased α1-globulins: increased α2-globulins: increased β-globulins: normal γ-globulins: normal a. Acute inflammation b. Chronic liver cirrhosis c. Nephrotic syndrome d. Monoclonal gammopathy

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with the presence of distinct oligoclonal bands in the γ-zone on CSF protein electrophoresis? a. Multiple sclerosis b. Multiple myeloma c. Bacterial meningitis d. Myoglobinemia

When a protein is dissolved in a buffer solution that is more alkaline than its pI and an electric current is passed through the solution, the protein will act as: a. An anion and migrate to the anode b. A cation and migrate to the cathode c. An anion and migrate to the cathode d. An uncharged particle and will not move

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with an elevated serum total protein with high levels of both albumin and globulins? a. Dehydration b. Myocardial infarction c. Glomerulonephritis d. Liver cirrhosis

Which of the following urine total protein results would correlate best with a patient with nephrotic syndrome? a. Normal b. Lower than normal c. Higher than normal d. Similar to levels in CSF total protein levels

Isoelectric focusing is used to phenotype α1 -antitrypsin deficiencies. When protein is electrophoresed, it migrates to which of the following? a. The site where the pH is the same as its pI. b. The site where the mass of the protein correlates with the pI. c. The site where the protein’s net charge exceeds the pI. d. The site where the protein’s net charge is less than the pI.

A CSF–serum albumin ratio of 9.8 was reported. How is this best interpreted? a. This ratio is in the normal range for the patient. b. The blood–brain barrier may be compromised. c. It is biologically impossible to achieve this value. d. This is diagnostic of fungal meningitis.

Which of the following CSF proteins would be measured when investigating active demyelination in multiple sclerosis? a. CSF–serum albumin ratio b. α1-Antitrypsin c. Myelin basic protein d. Immunoglobulin G