Exam 2

meat inspection is not a new concept ancient examples include France (1162), England (1319), Germany (1385)

early on there was little central control of meat the novel Jungle highlighted unsanitary conditions in Slaughter Chicago Slaughterhouses the novel causes uproar leading to the 1906 passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act

wrote the novel Jungle, also a socialist was considered a muckbreaker trying to shine a bad light on capitalism. unintentionally shined a light on how bad slaughterhouses were

1) antemortem inspection: beef, sheep, goats, pigs, horses (mules) 2) postmortem inspection of every carcass 3) sanitary standards 4) USDA authorized to monitor and inspect -does not include poultry since they were not raised commercially at the time. Poultry were later protected 1957 poultry products inspection act

passed in 1958 revised in 1978 all animals must be stunned religious slaughter is exempt no poultry is included: because with poultry handling its common to shackle them upside down while alive FSIS is responsible for inspection and enforcement

handling of livestock: (a) driving of livestock from the unloading ramps to the holding pens and from the holding pens to the stunning area shall be done with a minimum of excitement and discomfort to the animals. livestock shall not be forced to move faster than a normal walking speed.

mechanical; captive bolt: (a) Application of stunners, required effect; handling. (1) The captive bolt stunners shall be applied to the livestock in accordance with this section so as to produce immediate unconsciousness in the animals before they are shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut. The animals shall be stunned in a manner that they will be rendered unconsciousness with a minimum of excitement and discomfort

aimed to make all state inspection systems at least equal to the federal inspection system if a state can not or will not comply FSIS must take over Amendment to the Federal Meat Inspection Act

guidelines to improve animal welfare and handling to comply with HSA the target audience is small and very small establishments: small plants typically do a worse job than big plants because they have less expertise Systematic approach versus Robust Systematic Approach -Oct 2013 FSIS compliance Guide for a Systematic Approach to the Humane Handling of Livestock

parts 1-99 = Animal and PLant Health Inspection Service

Parts 200-205 = grain inspection, packers and stock yards administration (packers & stockyard programs

parts 300-599 = Food Safety & Inspection Service

1-4 Sluaghter 1)antemortem inspection 2) humane methods 3) postmortem inspection 4) product inspection 5) assurance that all plants adopt and use HACCP 6) assurance that all SSOP’s are practiced by personal 7) verification of HACCP system effectiveness (salmonella performance standards) 8) over sight of plant generic E. coli testing protocols 9)laboratory determinations & assays 10) control & restriction of condemned products 11) marketing labelling & inspection insignia 12) facilities construction & operational sanitation

732 people infected with E. coli O157:H7 from beef patties 73 jack-in-the-box locations in CA, ID, WA,NA 4 children died and 178 others left with permanent injury including kidney and brain damage -caused the Final RUle Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (1996) to be passed

plants must adopt and follow Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP’s) plants must adopt HACCP as a system of process controls to prevent safety hazards plants must meet pathogen Reduction Performance Standards set by USDA-FSIS for salmonella plants must conduct tests for generic E. coli to verify that their process-control system prevents fecal contamination -1st big change to the Federal Meat Inspection Safety Act of 1906

of the 3 hazard types concerning foodborne illness biological (pathogens) are of the greatest concern 4% chemical hazards 2% physical hazards 94% biological hazards

Norovirus: has the most cases annualy salmonella has second most listeria monocytogenes ranked 24 but is most deadly and causes the most deaths annually

48 million people get sick 128,000 are hospitalized 3,000 die annually

foodborne illnesses (dr. visits, lost work days, etc.) cost $ 152 billion annually in the US global burden of foodborne illness is 33 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) children under 5 years old 40% of this burden

young <6 years old> 65 years Immuno-compromised pregnant (listeria)

FoodNET: reports data collected to CDC, they determine where, and how many cases of foodborne illness occur from specific foods (if possible)

E. coli O157:H7/ STEC “big six” is adultered (0 tolerance) in ground beef listeria monocytogenes-ZT RTE is adultered (0 tolerance) Salmonella spp. has a performance standard

a bacteria or other microorganism that can cause disease

bacteria whose presence indicates the likelihood of a pathogen often spoilage bacteria