4.3.2 Monoclonal antibodies
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What are monoclonal antibodies? (mAbs)
• Antibodies that are clones from one parent cell • Specific to one type of antigen
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
• Specific antigen injected into an animal (e.g. mouse) • B-lymphocytes producing complementary antibodies extracted. • B-lymphocytes fuse with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells - these cells can divide and produce antibody • Hybridoma cells cultured • Monoclonal antibodies collected and purified.
Outline the uses of monoclonal antibodies
• Detection of pathogens • Location of cancer cells and blood clots • Treatment of cancer • Used in pregnancy test kits
What are myeloma cells?
Type of tumour cell
What do pregnancy kits test for?
hCG in urine
What does a pregnancy test consist of?
A stick containing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to hCG: - mAbs attached to a blue bead (free to move) - mAbs fixed to the test stick
Describe what happens to the test stick if a woman is pregnant
• hCG in urine binds to mAbs attached to a blue bead • mAbs with hCG diffuse up dipstick • mAbs fixed to the stick bind to hCG • Blue line forms
Describe what happens to the test stick if a woman is not pregnant
No hCG in urine so a blue line is not formed
What is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to test for pathogens?
• Specific to one particular antigen • Very accurate • Quick results
Why can monoclonal antibodies be used to target cancer cells?
• Cancer cells have specific antigens called ‘tumour markers’ on their membranes. • mAbs are specific to one type of antigen so can be targeted to ‘tumour markers’ without damaging other cells.
Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used to diagnose cancer
-mAbs tagged to a radioactive substance. - mAbs injected into the patient’s bloodstream - mAbs bind to ‘tumour markers’ on Cancer cells. - Emitted radiation is detected using a specialised scanner enabling doctors to determine the location of cancer cells.
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to target drugs to cancer cells?
• mAbs attached to anti-cancer drug. • mAbs injected into the patients bloodstream. • mAbs bind tumour markers on cancer cells • Anti - cancer drug destroys cancer cells
Why are cancer treatments that use monoclonal antibodies favoured over traditional treatments?
• Radiotherapy and chemotherapy target rapidly dividing cells. • Healthy cells (e.g. hair follicle cells, bone marrow cells) are damaged as a consequence, producing unpleasant side effects. • mAbs only target cancer cells, reducing damage to normal cells.
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate blood clots?
• mAbs tagged to a radioactive substance. • mAbs target and bind to specific proteins in blood clots • Radiation emitted by mAbs is detected, enabling the location of blood clots to be identified.