0016 Pre-Columbian Period Through the End of Mexican Rule (SMR 3.1)
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Geographically speaking, California is a state of _________.
Extremes; CA has a great variety of geographic regions, landforms and climates
California stretches _____ miles from NW corner on the _____ Ocean to the SE corner at _____ and ______ rivers.
825; Pacific; Gila & Colorado
What is the highest point in the contiguous 48 states?
Mt. Whitney
What is the lowest point in the contiguous 48 states?
Death Valley
What conditions exist along the coast vs. the mountains vs. the valleys vs. the desert in California?
Coast: mild and temperate Mountains: heavy snow Valleys: great temperature variations & perfect temp for agriculture Deserts: Arid conditions & temperature fluctuations
The vast majority of CA’s populations are in what cities?
LA, SF, Oakland, Sacramento and San Diego followed by the Central Valley. The rest of the state is quite rural
How many tribes and cultural groups were present in pre-contact CA?
Several hundred tribes and different distinct cultural groups because of geographical diversity and isolation. They arrived from both the North and South of the present day US Southern and Northern border (Canada and Baja CA)
What type of groups did pre-contact native americans live in?
Large family groups with little political structure was the dominant style of tribal groups, but due to relative geographical isolation, tribes lived in smaller groups than they did in the rest of the US
What was the economy of pre-contact native americans like?
Limited agriculture because they had other abundant food sources which made cultivation unnecessary and there was not enough rainfall to have abundant agriculture. They made various crafts and had manufacturing. They mostly fished and hunted.
What was the culture like of pre-contact native americans in CA like?
Geographical diversity of the region also created cultural diversity, therefore the style of dress, housing, and transportation varied from region to region
What 6 distinct geographical areas did the major CA tribes live in?
• Northeast • Northwest • Great Basin • Colorado River • Central • Southern
What were the 5 major tribes in CA?
• Mohave • Shoshone • Shasta • Chumash • Pomo
Explain the Mohave tribe
actually were the lone agriculturally based tribe, they settled near the Colorado River so they had access to the water for agriculture and they had the largest concentration of people in Southern California at the time of the Spanish arrival
Explain the Shoshone tribe
Nomadic, Great Basin tribe, foragers and hunters of berries, fruits, and pine nuts, hunted rabbits, didn’t engage in trade until they received horses in 1700’s from Spanish
Explain the Shasta tribe
partially sedentary, pastoral nomads, they would follow seasons and animals that they hunted and move to mouth of rivers to settle in Spring, men hunted and fished while women foraged, used shells as money for currency, settled in the Northeast, traded with western groups
Explain the Chumash tribe
coastal and partially sedentary, pastoral nomads, hunter/foragers who used canoes to fish and traveled to different permanent villages for use of trade, matriarchal society, chiefs could be either man or woman
Explain the Pomo tribe
Northwest coastal and river based hunters and foragers, not a collective or organized tribe and moved in small bands linked by geography and by marriage, geographical forms separated them not political forms, and they were the fewest in number prior to Spanish arrival
What tribe had the largest concentration of people in Southern California at the time of Spanish arrival?
Mohave
What tribe had the smallest number of people prior to Spanish arrival?
Pomo
What tribe used shells as money for currency and traded with other wester groups?
Shasta
What tribe had a matriarchal society?
Chumash
What tribe didn’t engage in trade until they were introduced to horses in the 1700’s from the Spanish?
Shoshone
Why did Europeans originally come to America and specifically to CA?
Europeans originally came over to America in search of Indian Ocean trade routes, they came to CA because of fables of enormous land with wealth, one talked of a land filled with women and animals harnessed with gold
Who was the first explorer to discover Alta California?
1542: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (Portuguese explorer under Spanish crown) sails from Mexico to San Diego harbor and “discovers” Alta California