M6 Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers Q&A
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Why do amines behave as bases?
• Lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom is donated • Accepts proton • By forming dative covalent (coordinate) bond
What structural feature causes E/Z (or cis/trans) isomerism?
• Carbon-carbon double bond where each carbon atom of the double bond is attached to two different groups • Restricted rotation about the double bond
What structural feature causes optical isomerism?
• Carbon atom bonded to four different groups • An asymmetric carbon atom / chiral carbon / chiral centre • Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images
What is the difference between addition polymers and condensation polymers?
• Addition polymers are made from alkenes and only one product, the polymer, is produced • Condensation polymers are made from molecules with two function groups; a small molecule, usually water, is also produced
What environmental problems are caused by polymers?
• Addition polymers are non-biodegradable • Toxic fumes may be given off when burned, e.g. HCl when PVC burned
What are the solutions to problems caused by polymers?
• Polymers can be sorted and (mechanically) recycled • Polymers can be burned under controlled conditions to obtain energy for electricity generation • Toxic gases, e.g. HCl can be dissolved and neutralised by NaOH (‘scrubbing’) • Polymers can be used as an organic feedstock from (feedstock) recycling, or cracking • Biodegradable polymers are being developed • Compostable polymers are being developed • Photodegradable polymers are being developed • Polymers from renewable resources (e.g. polylactic acid) are being developed