Ch. 9 - Transport in Animals
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What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system refers to the system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
What is a single circulatory system?
A single circulatory system is a system in which blood passes through the heart only once during a complete circuit of the body.
What is a double circulatory system?
A double circulatory system is a system in which blood passes through the heart twice during a complete circuit of the body.
What are some advantages of having a double circulatory system?
• Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are kept separate, to allow a high rate of oxygen supply to the tissues. • It maintains a high pressure blood flow to the tissues in the body, thus blood travels a lot faster.
Describe the movement of blood in the single circulatory system in a fish.
The blood moves from the heart to the gills where it is oxygenated to the body where it is deoxygenated and back to the heart again.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Septum
The septum is the structure that separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Left Atrium and Ventricle
The left atrium and ventricle are the chambers of the heart that contain oxygenated blood.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Right Atrium and Ventricle
The right atrium and ventricle are the chambers of the heart that contain deoxygenated blood.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Aorta
The aorta is the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery is the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Pulmonary Vein
The pulmonary vein is the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Vene Cava
The vene cava is the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Atrioventricular Valves (Bicuspid and Tricuspid)
The atrioventricular valves (Bicuspid and Tricuspid) are structures that prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.
Describe the function of the following part of the circulatory system: Semilunar Valves (Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve)
The semilunar valves (Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve) are structures that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle (pulmonary valve) and from the aorta to the left ventricle (aortic valve)
Why do the chambers on the left side of the heart have thicker walls?
The chambers on the left side of the heart, namely the left atrium and ventricle, need to pump oxygenated blood around the whole body at higher pressure, and thus require thick walls to withstand the pressure. On the other hand, the chambers on the right side of the heart, namely the right atrium and ventricle pump deoxygenated blood at a lower pressure and thus do not require thick walls to withstand the pressure.
What happens during one heartbeat?
Atria contract → blood moves to ventricles Ventricles contract → blood leaves heart Heart relaxes → fills again Lub dub: Lub - atrioventricular valves closing Dub - semilunar valves closing
What is the role of the coronary arteries?
The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. Other vessels cannot because of the heart’s structure and its high pressure environment. The heart needs a lot of oxygen to produce the extreme amount of energy required for pumping.
Describe the difference in the thickness of the walls between the ventricles and the atrium.
While the atria simply receive blood, the ventricles pump out blood from the heart and thus they have much thicker, more muscular walls than the atria. Left ventricle>Right ventricle>Left atrium>right atrium
What are arteries?
Arteries: 1. Blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart 2. Only exception is the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood 3. Have thick walls to be able to withstand high pressure
What are veins?
Veins: 1. Blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood towards from the heart 2. Only exception is the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood 3. Have thin walls as they have to withstand low pressure 4. Have veins to prevent backflow of blood.
What happens in coronary heart disease?
• Arteries get blocked due to deposition of cholesterol • Thus not enough oxygen reaches • As a result, not enough energy is released in the heart • Heart cannot work properly - heart attacks may occur • There may also be blood clots which get stuck in small blood vessels.
What are capillaries? Mention their function and feature.
Capillaries are small blood vessels whose main purpose is the exchange substances between blood and tissues (e.g. oxygen, glucose, CO₂). Thus, they have very thin walls (one cell thick) to allow fast diffusion of substances.
What is plasma?
Plasma is the fluid in blood, making up about 55% of its volume. It is mostly water but also contains proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
What is the function of platelets?
Functions – 1. Transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste 2. Supporting immune responses 3. Aiding in blood clotting 4. Regulating blood pressure