Joints - Tutorial 2
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Name the three types of joints
• Fibrous joint • Cartilaginous joint • Synovial joint
Give an example of each type of joint
• Fibrous - structures between cranium bones • Cartilaginous - intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis • Synovial joint - ball and socket (shoulder joint), hinge joint (knee joint)
State four functions of synovial fluid
• It reduces friction between the cartilages by lubricating the joint. (so it prevents heat production and wearing away of joint) • Absorbs shock • Supplies the cartilage with O2 and nutrients removes CO2 and other wastes • Contains phagocytes that remove microbes and debris
Describe two homeostatic imbalances that occur at synovial joints
Sprains - twisting of joint that stretches or tears ligaments Dislocations - displacement of a bone from joint
Explain why the hip joint is more stable than the shoulder joint
• Hip joint forms between the acetabulum of the pelvis and the head of the femur - extremely stable due to deep socket (acetabulum) and strong capsule/accessory ligaments and muscles • The shoulder joint forms between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus, glenoid cavity is very shallow and contributes to dislocation of the joint.
Describe three age related changes that occur with joints
• Decreased production of synovial fluid • Thinning of the articular cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis • Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Describe the specific changes that occur with osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis - deterioration of articular cartilage and non - inflammatory and primarily affects weight-bearing joints
Explain the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune disorder, cartilage damaged by immune system, inflammation, swelling and pain and eventual fusion of joint Osteoarthritis - deterioration of articular cartilage and non - inflammatory and primarily affects weight-bearing joints