Introduction Organic
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what is a hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Saturated: Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : Contains a C=C double bond
what does the molecular formula show?
Molecular formula: The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
what does the empirical formula show?
Empirical formula: shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound
what is the general formula?
General formula: algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. CnH2n
what does the structural formula show?
Structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3 (CH2 )2CH3 ,
what does the displayed formula show?
Displayed formula: show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule
what is the shape around a saturated hydrocarbon and what is the bond angle?
tetrahedral 109.5
what is a functional group?
Functional group is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties
what is a homologous series?
Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula. •They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point). • Each member differs by CH2 from the last. • same chemical properties.
what are the orders of priority groups, highest first?
Carboxylic acids >aldehydes>ketones>alcohols>alkenes>halogenoalkanes
what is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
aldehydes have the C=O at the end whereas ketones have it elsewhere
how is a -OH named on an aldehyde?
Aldehydes have a higher priority than alcohol so the –OH group uses the hydroxy prefix e.g. 4- hydroxybutanol
how do you reflect 2 ketone groups in the namings? give an example
If two ketone groups then di is put before – one and an e is added to the stem. e.g. pentane-2,4-dione
what is the name if there are carboxylic acids on both ends of the chain?
If there are carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain then it is called a - dioic acid
what are the 2 ways to break a covalent bond?
• homolytic fission - heterolytic fission
define homolytic fission
each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond- this forms 2 free radicals - this is demonstrated using a 1 headed arrow
define heterolytic fission
one atom gets both electrons- this produces an ion -this is demonstrated using a double headed arrow
define free radical
Free radicals do not have a charge and Definition A free radical is a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron
what is a structural formula? what are the 3 types they arise from?
Structural isomers: same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae) Structural isomerism can arise from • Chain isomerism • Position isomerism • Functional group isomerism
what is a chain isomer?
Chain isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton e. g. - pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2- dimethylpropane
what is a position isomer?
position isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton e. g. - 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane
what is a functional group isomer?
Functional group isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups e. g. - ethanol(alcohol), and methoxymethane(an ether) or cyclohexane and hexene
what is sterioisomerism?
Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.