Genetics final

leptonema - chromosomes are long single threads zygonema - homologous chromosome become a bivalent pachynema - bivalent becomes tetrad, crossing over takes place diploma - sister chromatids separate diakinesis - nuclear envelope breaks down

one gene mask/modifies the effect of another gene (squash shape and nuclear silo example from class)

adenine methylases adds methyl group to adenine new strand remains unmethylated

uncoiled DNA transcriptionally active appears unstained

adds repeats of six nucleotide sequences to 3’ end not active in most eukaryotic cells

loss of single chromosome 2n-1 don’t make it past first few cell divisions factory key example

binds to CAP when glucose is absent CAP-cAMP complex binds to promoter and allows RNA poly to bind and triscribe

cleaves strand of viral DNA that is complementary to crRNA

“exit, parking, arrival”

linkage between two genes due to proximity the closer the genes, the more of a link independent assortment >50cM

enzyme that adds amino acid to tRNA 1:1 ratio

chemicals that wedge between DNA base pairs (sits in between the gaps of a ladder)

fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult (homunculus)

achondroplasia (dwarfism)

formation of sperm and egg (use notes to understand steps)

one half of a chromosome

pair of matching chromosomes, one from each parent

homologous genes in same species blood types

familial down syndrome

mRNA with several ribosomes translating at once

balances dose of X chromosome expression in males and females utilizes Barr bodies

ends of chromosomes

organs come from other cells of that organ

quick emergency repair activated in G1 fast but sloppy doesn’t need matching DNA template Ku70 and Ku80 spot break and grab onto it Artemis trims off damaged end XRCC4 and DNA ligase IV stick ends together act as glue while XLF ensures proper alignment (use notes)