Week Three

-The key to weight maintenance is: o Energy In = Energy Out -If energy intake is > energy output = ↑↑ in body mass -If energy output is > energy intake = ↓↓ in body mass

-Worldwide obesity has doubled since 1980 -In 2014: o >1.9 billion adults were overweight o 39% overweight (38% Men and 40% Women) o 13% obese (11% Men and 15% of Women) -> 42 million children under 5 were overweight or obese in 2013

-Closer to home – Australia -2007-2008 o 62% of adults in Australia were overweight o 1 in 4 children are overweight or obese

• By 2020 – 75% of Australians will be overweight or obese - By 2020 – 50% of young Australians will be overweight or obese

-Overweight o “Body weight that exceeds the normal weight for a person based on height and frame size” -Obesity o “Having an excessive amount of body fat” -Obesity – is multifactorial o Excessive amounts of body fat o Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue

-Complex and multifactorial -Theories o Hormonal imbalances -Endocrine system doesn’t regulate body weight properly o Improper diet and lack of exercise o Genetics o Emotional trauma o Cultural habits

-Genetics – accounts for 25% o Inherited factors -RMR – Resting metabolic Rate -Fat distribution -Appetite

-Cultural differences and norms o Food Collection o Daily activities and rituals -30%

-Lifestyle Factors o Imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure -Socioeconomic Factors o Lower socioeconomic groups more likely to be overweight/obese -45%

• Glucose intolerance • Insulin resistance • Dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia) • Type 2 Diabetes • Hypertension • Elevated plasma Leptin concentrations • Visceral adipose tissue accumulation • Increased coronary heart disease risk • Increased cancer risk

-Co-morbidities o Medical diseases that are either caused by or contributed to by another factor

-Modifiable disease -Usually developed later in life > 40 years -Have the capability to produce insulin however the body has become insulin resistant o Receptors on cells are resistant to insulin

-Constant ingestion of high GI foods, which cause surges in blood glucose and insulin secretion thus overtime becoming resistant

• High cholesterol levels in the blood - Potentially lead to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

-Eating foods high in cholesterol and limited exercise

-Incorporates many diseases involving the heart and blood vessels o e.g. Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension

-Similar causes to hypertension and hypercholesterolemia

• High blood pressure • Systolic > 140 mmHg • Diastolic > 90 mmHg • Chronic and persistent hypertension damages the arteries and can lead to heart disease or stroke

-Increased salt intake, high fat intake, high alcohol consumption limited exercise

-A progressive disease as the bone losses its calcium and mineral content

-Limited exercise, high sodium intake, high protein intake, excessive alcohol consumption

• A sleep disorder that causes pauses in breathing during sleep. • Can result in tiredness during the day, impaired alertness, slower reaction times, effects on cognitive and behavioural state

-Absence of muscle tone and soft tissue around the airway

-Possible link to obesity: o Fat tissue produces oestrogen which has been associated with certain cancers o High levels of insulin may promote certain tumours o Leptin promotes cell proliferation