organic chem - alkanes and alkenes
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3 steps of bromination
• initiation • propagation • termination
explain first step of bromination
• initiation - UV light sets off reaction by splitting apart the Br2 molecules, creating 2 Br radicals
explain third step of bromination
• termination - 2 radicals come together and give pairing of electrons, becoming stable
disadvantages of bromination by a means of producing bromoalkanes
• cant control products made - cant control isomers made
explain second step of bromination
• propagation - chain reactions - Br radical reacts with C-H bond in methane, forming methyl radical and HBr • methyl radical reacts with Br2 making bromomethane and Br radical
unbranched alkane molecules get bigger - bp?
increase - as attraction increase (London forces increase)
branched alkane molecules get bigger - bp?
decrease - as branches mean molecules cant get close to each other - attraction is less, intermolecular forces are weaker (London forces decrease)
Z isomer
same side of double bond
E isomer
different side of double bond
sis isomer
same side of double bond
trans isomer
different side of double bond
when do you use sis-trans isomerism?
if other group on the carbon is a hydrogen
stereoisomer
atoms in the isomer are in the same order but have different arrangements in space
how do E/Z and cis/trans isomers arise?
restricted movement around C=C bond
when there are different elements around the c=c, which do you take?
highest priority from each side (highest atomic number)
ester functional group
-COOC
aldehyde functional group
-CHO
ketone functional group
C(CO)C
aliphatic
carbons joined In unbranched, straight chains OR branched chains OR non-aromatic rings
aromatic
some or all of carbons found in a benzene ring
alicyclic
carbon atoms joined in a ring (cyclic structures with/without branching)
alkynes
at least 1 C=C bond
amino functional group
NH3
nitrile functional group
CN (triple bond)