Chapters 4,5,& 6

organelle that consists of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and redirect products of the E.R.

the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together

the difference in electrical charge across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Affects the transmembrane movement of charged substances

the flow and transformation of energy in an organism and the study of how energy flows through organisms

a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells. Found in cilia and flagella.

an active transports protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.

a nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure

the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. composed of carbs such as cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), and peptidoglycan (bacteria).

get clarification

a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus

a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane

a small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

a measure of molecular disorder or randomness

a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal structure of cells