Topic 12 - Organics

A compound made up of only C and H atoms

Mixture of millions of hydrocarbon s

Through fractional distillation

1) oil enters the fractionating column, heated until most of it has turned into a gas (bitumen is drained off at the bottom) 2) the column is hotter at the bottom and colder at the top 3) each molecule rises as a gas until it reaches its boiling point, then it condensed into a liquid; longer hydrocarbons have high BPs 4) each different hydrocarbon has a different boiling point - because of this, they all condense at different heights in the column 5) therefore molecules with similar boiling points are separated into the same columns 6) bubble caps in the fractionating column stop the separates liquids from running back down the column and remixing

Refinery gases Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Fuel oil Bitumen

BPs less than 0°C CH4 -> C4H10 Fuel for home Heating

BPs between 0°C and 150°C C5H12 -> C9H20 Fuel for cars

BPs between 150°C and 200°C C10H22 -> C14H30 Fuel for planes

BPs between 200°C and 300°C C15H32 -> C19H40 Fuel for trucks

BPs between 300°C and 400°C C20H42 ->C29H50 Fuel for ships

BPs more than 400°C C30H62 and up Used for making roads

The main type of hydrocarbon found in fuel oil

CnH2n+2

• same general formula • similar chemical reactions • trends in physical properties

• same molecular formula * different structural formula

1) methane (CH4) 2) ethane (C2H6) 3) propane (C3H8) 4) butane (C4H10) 5) pentane (C5H12)

Only containing single bonds

• binds irreversibly to haemoglobin * reduces the amount of oxygen which can be transported

UV light Haloalkanes (e.g. bromomethane)

Powdered aluminium oxide (lowers Ea) 650°C (achieves Ea)

Oil supply is mostly long hydrocarbon chains Oil demand is for shorter hydrocarbon chains Catalytic cracking shortens alkane chains while also producing useful alkenes

CnH2n

C=C

Does not only contain single bonds