YR12 organic - Alcohols
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What is the general formula of an alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH
• What alcohols are soluble in water? • State the trend in solubility of alcohols as carbon chain lengh increases.
• Alcohols with a carbon chain of 3 or less • As carbon chain length increases, solubility decreases.
What are the products of complete combusion?
CO₂ and H₂O
What oxidising agent is used to synthesise alcohols into a range of products?
Acidified pottasium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇
An alcohol is oxidised to an aldehyde. * State the reagents, conditions, secondary products and any relevant observations during this synthesis. * What type of alcohol would be needed for this synethesis to be successful?
• Acidified pottasium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇ • Heat and distillation • Water is formed as a byproduct • Dichromate turns from orange to green • Primary alcohol
When drawing a diagram of a distillation apparatus, what specifics should be included?
• A thermometer must be at the top of the apparatus • Where the condenser attaches to the to the vertical part of the apparatus, there must be a gap to allow the distillate to enter the condenser • When drawing the water input and output, the water input must be at the bottom left of the condenser.
An alcohol is oxidised to a carboxylic acid. * State the reagents, conditions, secondary products formed and any observations seen during this synthesis. * What type of alcohol would be needed for this synethesis to be successful?
• An excess of acidified pottasium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇. 2 moles of [O] in the equation. • Reflux, heat • Water as a byproduct • Dichromate turns from orange to green • Primary alcohol
How is an apparatus diagram for reflux drawn?
• Condenser is entirley vertical, with a gap at the top. • Water is inputted at the bottom of the condenser and outputted at the top
An alcohol is oxidised to a ketone. * State the reagents, conditions, secondary products formed and any observations seen during this synthesis. * What type of alcohol would be needed for this synethesis to be successful?
• Acidified pottasium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇ • Heat under reflux • Water is formed as a byproduct • Secondary alcohol
A tertiary alcohol is refluxed with acidified pottasium dichromate. What observation should the chemist performing this reaction expect to see?
The dichromate would stay orange as tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised. This is because the carbon atom that the OH is bonded too has no hydrogen atoms.
An alcohol is synthesised to an alkene. State the reagents, conditions, products formed and type of reaction.
• Concentrated phosphoric acid • Reflux with heat • Water is formed as a byproduct • Elimination
A secondary or tertiary alcohol is synthesised to an alkene. A mixture of products are formed. Which product would be the minor product?
The product with the double bond at the end of the chain would be the minor product.
An alcohol is synthesised to a haloalkane. State the reagents and products formed.
• Concentrated sulphuric acid and a sodium halide • Water is formed as a byproduct