Liver and Biliary system

Fats, proteins, glucose

Produces plasma proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and bile.

Stores iron, vitamin B12, and other materials.

thrombopoietin (TPO)

(70% of the blood) Brings blood from the spleen and digestive organs. This blood is rich in nutrients from the intestines but low in oxygen

30% of blood Brings oxygen-rich blood to the liver, but this blood has fewer nutrients.

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase): These are enzymes that liver cells release into the blood when they’re damaged. High levels can indicate liver injury.

Fecal contamination of food or water -not chronic -prevention: Vaccine

preads through blood or body fluids, mainly through sexual contact. –vacine

-Presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood

Blood, mainly from injection drug use (rarely sexual).

Its a weak strain but with and can only co infect with Hepatistis B.

Similar to heaptitis A in that its transmited through fecal oral, acute only threat to immuneocompromised and pregnant women. no immunization yet in canada but there is some in asian countires.

1)Alcoholic fatty liver: The mildest form, where fat builds up in liver cells. It’s reversible if alcohol use stops. 2)Alcoholic hepatitis: Liver cells start to degenerate and die (necrosis), with inflammation and neutrophil infiltration (immune response). 3) Alcoholic cirrhosis: The most severe stage, with scarring (fibrosis) that disrupts liver function permanently.

-irregularly shaped pink deposits -indicative of severe hepatic injury

A condition where the liver becomes permanently scarred and damaged due to long-term injury, leading to impaired liver function and abnormal structure.

Confusion and disorientation due to toxin buildup (ammonia).

CHEAP C-Clotting disorders: Liver can’t make enough clotting factors. H-Hepatic encephalopathy: Confusion and disorientation due to toxin buildup (ammonia). E-Estrogen increase: Leads to hormone imbalances (e.g., gynecomastia in men). A-Ascites: Fluid buildup in the abdomen due to portal hypertension and low albumin. P-Protein loss (albumin): Causes edema and low osmotic pressure.

Interruption of blood flow through the liver. Portal hypertension happens when blood circulation through the liver is blocked or reduced.

Esophageal varices are swollen veins in the esophagus that form due to increased pressure from portal hypertension. They are dangerous because they can rupture and cause a fatal hemorrhage

Bile is a watery solution produced by the liver that contains various dissolved substances, including conjugated bilirubin (a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown), bile salts (derived from cholesterol and amino acids), lecithin (a lipid), cholesterol, water, and minerals.

-conjugated bilrubin=byproduct of RBC -Bile salts= cholestrole and AA Lecithin= fats when you eat a fatty meal the gallblader which stores the bile contracts and releases bile salts and lecithin in the deodenum which break down the fats.

yellow pigment produced by the liver from the breakdown of red blood cells. When red blood cells break down, the iron is reused, and the heme becomes bilirubin.

1)Hemolytic jaundice (prehapatic): too much break down of RBC leading to too much unconjugated bilirubin 2)Hepatocellular jaundice (Hepatic): Happens when liver damage (from disease or injury) prevents proper conjugation (processing) of bilirubin and its elimination. It can involve both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin. 3)Obstructive jaundice (Posthepatic): Occurs when a blockage in the bile duct (from a tumor or stone) prevents conjugated bilirubin from reaching the duodenum, causing it to accumulate.